Children with intellectual disability (ID) have problems in sesormotorik, learning and behavior that resulted in disruption of physical development of children. Most children with ID experience obstacles in responding to stimuli given the environment to perform and imitate movement. Well-designed learning is one way of directing optimal fundamental movement skills (FMS) and gaining pleasure through movement. The FMS learning model loves our body is a variation of learning that is used to help overcome problems that arise in the field on FMS learning materials. The method used in this research is the research and development of Borg and Gall, the subject of a limited-scale trial of 10 students of Intellectual disability children primary school (SDLBC), and 3 teachers. The subjects of large-scale trials amounted to 30 students in SDLB C in the third SDLB C in the city of Palembang. The FMS game model loves our body designed by researchers is expected to improve fundamental movement skills, cognitive skill, fun and attention focus of children with ID.

The present study aims to produce Augmented Reality Mobile App-based multimedia of Pencak silat learning for junior high school students. APPED Research and Development model was applied by following several stages, including Analysis and Initial Research, Design, Production, Evaluation, and Dissemination. The data were collected using questionnaire and tests. The product was evaluated in three stages, namely one to one, small group, and field (effectivity test) evaluation. Three material experts were involved in rating the product validation with a mean of 4.77 (very good). Meanwhile, mean score from three Media Experts was 4.80 (very good). The mean score of product evaluation for one-to-one evaluation was at 4.62 (very good), the small group at 4.80 (very good), and the field at 4.56 (very good). A significant improvement was detected from the mean score of the learning outcomes from pretest to posttest (p=0.0000.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that Augmented Reality Mobile App-based multimedia of Pencak silat learning was effective to improve JHS students’ achievement and was able to be used in the Pencak silat learning for JHS students.

The competencies possessed by teachers have not been as expected, as evidenced by the average value of pedagogic competencies, which are still low compared to the results of professional competence scores on the Teacher Competency Test. This study aimed to develop a model for improving the pedagogic competence of Physical Education teachers which was arranged into a module that contains how to develop a learning implementation plan, how to create and use the learning media, how to create and use the teaching materials, and how to prepare and implement the learning assessments. The development tests that were carried out were: 1) alpha test, 2) beta test, and 3) final product validation. The alpha test is a product validation test by three experts, while the beta test is a load and product suitability test involving 27 teachers and 3 supervisors, followed by a final product validation stage involving 84 teachers who are divided into two groups, namely experimental and control. The research instruments used were a questionnaire and a competency improvement scale. The data analysis techniques used are quantitative descriptive data analysis, gain score data analysis, and t-test. Based on the results of the assessment at the alpha test, beta test, and program validation stages, the resulting product was declared suitable for use as a teaching material set. Furthermore, through the process of testing the effectiveness of the product, the model of increasing pedagogic competence based on teaching materials is proven to be effective and can significantly improve the pedagogic competence of Physical Education teachers.

Lactate is a metabolite produced during anaerobic glycolysis for ATP resynthesis, which accumulates during hypoxia and muscle contraction. Tobacco smoking significantly increases blood lactate. Here we conducted a counter-balanced crossover study to examine whether this effect is associated with inhaling nicotine or burned carbon particles. Fifteen male smokers (aged 23 to 26 years) were randomized into 3 inhalation conditions: tobacco smoking, nicotine vaping, and nicotine-free vaping, conducted two days apart. An electronic thermal evaporator (e-cigarette) was used for vaping. We have observed an increased blood lactate (+62%, main effect: p < 0.01) and a decreased blood glucose (−12%, main effect: p < 0.05) during thermal air inhalations regardless of the content delivered. Exercise-induced lactate accumulation and shuttle run performance were similar for the 3 inhalation conditions. Tobacco smoking slightly increased the resting heart rate above the two vaping conditions (p < 0.05), implicating the role of burned carbon particles on sympathetic stimulation, independent of nicotine and thermal air. The exercise response in the heart rate was similar for the 3 conditions. The results of the study suggest that acute hypoxia was induced by breathing thermal air. This may explain the reciprocal increases in lactate and decreases in glucose. The impaired lung function in oxygen delivery of tobacco smoking is unrelated to nicotine.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between anxiety, self-confidence, and motivation to the performance of the referees of volleyball associations throughout Indonesia, West Nusa Tenggara province. This study uses a correlational method with a quantitative approach. The population is 45 referees, sampling using total sampling. The research variable was the performance of the volleyball referee as the dependent variable and anxiety, self-confidence, and motivation as the independent variables. The data analysis technique used a linearity test and product-moment correlation. The results of this study are 1) a low relationship between anxiety and the performance of volleyball referees. 2) moderate relationship between confidence and the performance of volleyball referees. 3) a strong relationship between motivation and the performance of volleyball referees. 4) moderate relationship between anxiety and self-confidence with the performance of volleyball referees. 5) a strong relationship between self-confidence and motivation with the performance of volleyball referees. 6) a strong relationship between anxiety and motivation with the performance of volleyball referees. 7) a strong relationship between anxiety, self-confidence and motivation with the performance of volleyball referees. The conclusion of this study is to increase the confidence of referees through training programs in the psychological (mental) realm that are integrated into the training program with an understanding of the rules of the game regularly. This effort is made to improve the quality of the performance of volleyball referees.

The purpose of this research is to uncover and analyse various models of Pencaksilat learning in physical and sport education through scientific journal articles that have been published on national and international journals. The research is an analysis on analysis by breaking down some research findings on the similar issue. The data collection technique used in the research is documentation based on primary data. The primary data are assessment results and research findings about models of martial arts learning on physical and sport education. The data validity consist of credibility test, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Qualitative data analysis used on this research is interactive model by Miles and Huberman that consist of data collection, display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The research findings indicate that there are various models of pencaksilat learning from scientific articles in Indonesia. Those models are the spectrum of teaching style, cooperative model, and tactical approach. Besides there are some that use common model such as direct instruction, the practise style, the inclusion style, the guided discovery style, personalized system and peer teaching. There is a distinctive learning model that called thematic instruction. This model involves music and technology on the learning process. There is no one considered as the best model, however every model has its own characteristic based on learning material and its user.

This research aims to obtain a picture of the effect of circuit training and fartlek training on cardiorespiratory endurance. This research used quasiexperimental, with a research design using a pretest and post-test two group design. Prior and after to treatment, the VO2 max of the two sample groups was measured using the Cooper Test. This was done to get a comparison between the two treatments. The results of his research are as follows: The result of Paired Sample T-test in Group I was p=0.000 (p<0.05), and Group II was p=0.000 (p<0.05). It suggests that both treatments had an effect on the improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance in both groups. The result of Probability test used Independent Sample T-test was p=0.10 (p>0.05). It suggests that there was no difference effect of circuit training and fartlek training on cardiorespiratory endurance improvement football school athletes. There was no different effect of circuit training and fartlek training on cardiorespiratory endurance improvement football school athletes.

This study aimed to extend previous investigation regarding its beneficial effects on changes of blood glucose. This experimental research was conducted from 06:00-12:00. Twenty-four young men (age 19-20 y.o.) were divided into three groups, Fasting-Exercise-Only (FEO), Fasting-Exercise-Water (FEW), and Fasting-Exercise with Fruit-Infused Water (FEF). Subjects underwent fasting for 12 h before the experimental day. The data of body weight (Kg) and macroscopic urine color were collected before and after exercise. Body weight in all experimental groups were decreased by 1% during endurance exercise. There were no differences in decrease of body weight between FEF and FEW groups compared to FEO group (p>.05). The change in urine color was significantly different between pre-exercise and post-exercise data (p<.05). The darkest urine color was observed in FEO group (4.75), followed by FEW group (4.25), while FEF group (3.63) did not reach dehydration level. In conclusion, fruit-infused water is suggested to be drink as a choice for fluid intake during exercise.