Objective Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March–June 2020). Results Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to “maintain training,” and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is “okay to not train during lockdown,” with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered “coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)” to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for “general fitness and health maintenance” during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification. Conclusions COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete classification). Higher classification athletes had the strongest desire to “maintain” training and the greatest opposition to “not training” during lockdowns. These higher classification athletes retained training specificity to a greater degree than others, probably because of preferential access to limited training resources. More higher classification athletes considered “coaching by correspondence” as sufficient than did lower classification athletes. These lockdown-mediated changes in training were not conducive to maintenance or progression of athletes’ physical capacities and were also likely detrimental to athletes’ mental health. These data can be used by policy makers, athletes, and their multidisciplinary teams to modulate their practice, with a degree of individualization, in the current and continued pandemic-related scenario. Furthermore, the data may drive training-related educational resources for athletes and their multidisciplinary teams. Such upskilling would provide athletes with evidence to inform their training modifications in response to germane situations (e.g., COVID related, injury, and illness).

Purpose: To investigate differences in athletes’ knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification. Methods: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May–July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training. Sports were classified as team sports (45%), endurance (20%), power/technical (10%), combat (9%), aquatic (6%), recreational (4%), racquet (3%), precision (2%), parasports (1%), and others (1%). Further analysis by sex was performed. Results: During lockdown, athletes practiced body-weight-based exercises routinely (67% females and 64% males), ranging from 50% (precision) to 78% (parasports). More sport-specific technical skills were performed in combat, parasports, and precision (∼50%) than other sports (∼35%). Most athletes (range: 50% [parasports] to 75% [endurance]) performed cardiorespiratory training (trivial sex differences). Compared to prelockdown, perceived training intensity was reduced by 29% to 41%, depending on sport (largest decline: ∼38% in team sports, unaffected by sex). Some athletes (range: 7%–49%) maintained their training intensity for strength, endurance, speed, plyometric, change-of-direction, and technical training. Athletes who previously trained ≥5 sessions per week reduced their volume (range: 18%–28%) during lockdown. The proportion of athletes (81%) training ≥60 min/session reduced by 31% to 43% during lockdown. Males and females had comparable moderate levels of training knowledge (56% vs 58%) and beliefs/attitudes (54% vs 56%). Conclusions: Changes in athletes’ training practices were sport-specific, with few or no sex differences. Team-based sports were generally more susceptible to changes than individual sports. Policy makers should provide athletes with specific training arrangements and educational resources to facilitate remote and/or home-based training during lockdown-type events.

Background: Reports of probiotic consumption on athletes’ performance are debatable due to their equivocal results. There is a need for more evidence on the effects of probiotic intake on psychological state and fitness level. Thus, this study determined the effects of daily probiotic consumption on competitive anxiety, perceived stress and mood among university badminton players, besides their fitness like aerobic capacity, strength, speed, leg power and agility. Methods: Thirty university badminton players aged from 19 to 22 years old were randomly divided equally into two groups, where the probiotic group (PG; n = 15) received a drink that contained Lactobacillus casei Shirota (3 × 1010 CFU) and placebo group (CG; n = 15) a placebo drink for six weeks. Anxiety, stress and mood levels were determined using the CSAI-2R, PSS and BRUMS questionnaires, respectively. Fitness levels were measured using by subjecting the players to 20-m shuttle runs (aerobic capacity), handgrips (muscular strength), vertical jumps (leg power), 40-m dash (speed) and T-test (agility). The Student’s t-test (p < 0.05) was used to determine the differences between PG and CG players. Results: After six weeks, the anxiety and stress levels of PG players significantly decreased by 16% (p < 0.001) and 20% (p < 0.001), respectively, but there were no significant changes detected in CG players. Supplementation of probiotics also improved aerobic capacity in PG players by 5.9% (p < 0.001) but did not influence the speed, strength, leg power and agility. Conclusions: Probiotics supplementation showed improved aerobic capacity and relieve anxiety and stress. However, further studies need to be carried out to determine the mechanisms through which probiotic intake produces these effects.

There was a nutritional issue in the training camp of Central Java BPPLOP (Balai Pemusatan Pendidikan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar/Student Sport Education and Training Center). The year 2017 data showed that 8% of athletes experienced nutritional deficiency and 10% of athletes experienced nutritional excess. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a personalized nutrition program toward percentage of energy consumption level (%ECL), body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage (%BF). This research utilized one-group pretestposttest design. The subjects were 59 martial arts athletes in Central Java BPPLOP. The personalized nutrition program intervention lasted a month and was encouraged by a smartphone application called Nutriatlet. The statistical test was a paired sample t test. The research concluded that mean %ECL improved significantly after intervention, from 63.37 ± 8.57 to 82.91 ± 6.31 (p < 0.001). The BF percentage also improved from 14.36 ± 6.19 to 13.40 ± 5.88 (p < 0.001). Mean BMI was not significantly different after intervention, from 21.95 ± 2.51 to 22.02 ± 2.25 (p = 0.524). We concluded that Nutriatlet usage to evaluate a personalized nutrition program could improve the energy consumption level and body fat percentage while maintaining body mass index.

Children with intellectual disability (ID) have problems in sesormotorik, learning and behavior that resulted in disruption of physical development of children. Most children with ID experience obstacles in responding to stimuli given the environment to perform and imitate movement. Well-designed learning is one way of directing optimal fundamental movement skills (FMS) and gaining pleasure through movement. The FMS learning model loves our body is a variation of learning that is used to help overcome problems that arise in the field on FMS learning materials. The method used in this research is the research and development of Borg and Gall, the subject of a limited-scale trial of 10 students of Intellectual disability children primary school (SDLBC), and 3 teachers. The subjects of large-scale trials amounted to 30 students in SDLB C in the third SDLB C in the city of Palembang. The FMS game model loves our body designed by researchers is expected to improve fundamental movement skills, cognitive skill, fun and attention focus of children with ID.

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This research aims to develop a model of floor gymnastics learning and rhythmic activities with the TPSR approach. The subjects of this study were students of grades 1, 2, 3 of State Elementary School 01 Sampangan Gajah Mungkur District of Semarang City and SDN Srondol Kulon 02, with a total of 76 students. The development research design has used the procedure of investigating the needs followed by developing the information, developing the product design, validation tests, and trials to the product. The results show that the traditional game "Ride the Train" is considered appropriate and effective as a learning model which consists of the objectives, the roles, the characters, the provisions, and the regulations following school conditions and situations. The results of the skill the assessment showed that all students were able to get grades with increased distribution, according to statistical tests, showing a count of -22,477, and p-value of 0.000 or less than 0.05. The conclusion is a significant difference in learning outcomes after being given this game model. The game using the TPSR method approach can explore the ability of gymnastic and rhythmic activities through locomotor, non-locomotor and manipulate the student's movements.

Exercise is physical stress which potentially causes disruption of homeostasis, especially in sports that is excessively done. Weight Training (LB) and Aquarobic Exercise (LA) can be modulators of handling stress. This research aims at investigating the effect of the difference between LB and LA to physical stress in obese women. The study was conducted in 2014. The method used in this study was randomized experimental pretest-posttest control group design in 36 obese women, aged 45-50 years who were divided into 3 groups, group LB 50% RM, 3 sets, 12 repetition, treatment two times a day for 8 weeks (n = 12), LA 75% HRmax, treatment 2 days for 8 weeks (n = 12) and control group (n = 12). Body Mass Index (BMI) and cortisol levels were measured before and after the treatment. Hypothesis testing was conducted using test (One-Way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis) and the mean difference test (Tukey HSD and Mann Whitneys). The results of BMI is increased in the WT group and is decreased in LA group as compared to control group (p <0.05). The decrease of cortisol level is higher than in LA and LB group and controls (p <0.05). LB and LA affect the physical stress that is characterized by the increase in cortisol levels in obese women. Conclusion: LB is more dominant than LA in increasing physical stress.