Background: Reports of probiotic consumption on athletes’ performance are debatable due to their equivocal results. There is a need for more evidence on the effects of probiotic intake on psychological state and fitness level. Thus, this study determined the effects of daily probiotic consumption on competitive anxiety, perceived stress and mood among university badminton players, besides their fitness like aerobic capacity, strength, speed, leg power and agility. Methods: Thirty university badminton players aged from 19 to 22 years old were randomly divided equally into two groups, where the probiotic group (PG; n = 15) received a drink that contained Lactobacillus casei Shirota (3 × 1010 CFU) and placebo group (CG; n = 15) a placebo drink for six weeks. Anxiety, stress and mood levels were determined using the CSAI-2R, PSS and BRUMS questionnaires, respectively. Fitness levels were measured using by subjecting the players to 20-m shuttle runs (aerobic capacity), handgrips (muscular strength), vertical jumps (leg power), 40-m dash (speed) and T-test (agility). The Student’s t-test (p < 0.05) was used to determine the differences between PG and CG players. Results: After six weeks, the anxiety and stress levels of PG players significantly decreased by 16% (p < 0.001) and 20% (p < 0.001), respectively, but there were no significant changes detected in CG players. Supplementation of probiotics also improved aerobic capacity in PG players by 5.9% (p < 0.001) but did not influence the speed, strength, leg power and agility. Conclusions: Probiotics supplementation showed improved aerobic capacity and relieve anxiety and stress. However, further studies need to be carried out to determine the mechanisms through which probiotic intake produces these effects.
In Malaysia, the implementation of physical education includes an outdoor education syllabus. Outdoor education is found to be a medium for individual development at various levels of educational institutions, including schools. Mental toughness is one of the major aspects of the psychological development of an individual. There are now numerous studies linking mental toughness with academic performance. One of the mediums for this development is the implementation of outdoor education. The nature of outdoor education is found to have a very high potential to support the development of mental toughness among students. However, a lack of specific adventure-based mental toughness models has been developed. This study attempted to develop the Adventure-based Mental Toughness Model (AbMTM) and was guided based on the modified Design and Development Research (Saedah, Muhammad, & Rozaine, 2020). A total of 507 (N=507) respondents from several educational institutions in Malaysia were involved as respondents for the validity examination through the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach. As a result, AbMTM recorded significant Goodness of Fit (GoF) (X2= 1.904; p =.000; GFI=.839; AGFI=.792; NFI=.815; TLI=.924; CFI=.931; RMSEA= .050). This study’s findings are considered a new horizon of outdoor education implementation and advancing the current practice in Malaysia. Keywords: Outdoor education, mental toughness, structural equation modeling
This study aimed to determine the relationship between motivation and environmental factors among football spectators' attendance at Shah Alam Stadium. A total of 113 respondents were involved in this study. The result showed that the highest mean in the motivation factor is 'identification with subculture', which is 3.98 (SD=0.805). Meanwhile, the highest mean in the stadium environment factor is 'desire to stay with 3.91 (SD=0.777). The result showed a significant relationship between motivation and stadium environment factor with a p-value of 0.00, p<0.01. This empirical data will make a better understanding of the motivation of spectator attendance in stadiums Keywords: Spectators; Motivation; Stadium Environment factor eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI7%20(Special%20Issue).3826
Perkhidmatan dan kemudahan sukan memainkan peranan penting dalam menggalakkan aktiviti fizikal dan penyertaan sukan pada masa lapang. Kemudahan sukan yang lengkap untuk kegunaan atlet dalam persediaan menghadapi kejohanan akan meningkatkan prestasi ke tahap yang lebih baik. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti kualiti perkhidmatan dan kemudahan sukan yang sediakan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) bagi program pembangunan sukan prestasi tinggi Majlis Sukan Wilayah Persekutuan (MSWP). Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah tinjauan yang melibatkan 211 responden yang terdiri dari atlet, jurulatih dan pentadbir sukan yang dipilih secara persampelan rawak. Data dari instrumen SERVQUAL (service quality) dan tahap kepuasan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensi. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan skor min kualiti respon adalah tinggi bagi ketiga-tiga kategori responden iaitu atlet (M=3.82), jurulatih (M=3.45) dan pentadbir sukan (M=3.43). Keputusan analisis ANOVA pula menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara tahap kepuasan terhadap kualiti perkhidmatan kemudahan sukan berdasarkan tiga kategori responden tersebut F (2, 208) = 7.438; p<.05. Hasil kajian ini diharapkan dapat membantu jurulatih dan pentadbir sukan membangunkan program pembangunan atlet yang lebih berkesan dengan menyediakan kemudahan dan teknologi sukan moden bawah pentadbiran sendiri bagi memastikan atlet mencapai prestasi cemerlang pada masa hadapan.
Kualiti perkhidmatan dan kemudahan sukan dalam sesebuah organisasi sering dikaitkan dengan kesempurnaan dan kepuasan. Kemudahan sukan yang lengkap untuk kegunaan atlet dalam persediaan menghadapi kejohanan akan meningkatkan kepuasan dan prestasi ke tahap yang lebih baik. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan mengenalpasti kualiti perkhidmatan dan kemudahan sukan yang sediakan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) bagi program pembangunan sukan prestasi tinggi Majlis Sukan Wilayah Persekutuan (MSWP). Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah tinjauan yang melibatkan 147 responden atlet yang dipilih secara persampelan rawak. Data dari instrumen SERVQUAL (service quality) dan tahap kepuasan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan kualiti responsif adalah paling tinggi dengan skor min M=3.82, SD=0.833. Manakala kualiti empati menunjukkan skor min paling rendah iaitu M=3.36, SD=0.819. Hasil dapatan kepuasan atlet terhadap kualiti kemudahan sukan yang disediakan oleh pihak PBT pula menunjukkan tahap sederhana dengan skor min M=3.66, SD=0.924. Hasil kajian ini diharapkan dapat membantu pihak pengurusan MSWP membantu PBT menambahbaik kualiti perkhidmatan dan kemudahan sukan bagi memastikan atlet mencapai prestasi cemerlang pada masa hadapan.
The practice of sponsorship back to ancient Greece and Roman eras, and the word "sponsorship" is derived from the Greek word "horigia" which means guarantor. The involvement of companies in sponsorship has attract many audiences and achieve their objectives. This paper conceptualizes sport sponsorship and some factors such as attitude toward sponsor, sponsor-event fit, favourability and perceived ubiquity. Sponsors point of perspective have stated that the most useful signal in sports sponsorship is purchase intention. Purchase intention also seeing as the gesture of goodwill or element that will return the sponsor for supporting them. There are four factors used in measuring the purchase intention. It is including trust, reputation, familiarity, and intention. Hence, it is extremely important to explore sports sponsorship impact, its influencing aspects, and how to build a sports sponsorship with other measurement approach.
Industri sukan merupakan satu industri komersial yang mempunyai nilai pasaran yang tinggi dan mula berkembang di Malaysia. Penglibatan syarikat-syarikat perniagaan dalam industri sukan akan menjadi pemangkin transformasi ekonomi negara berpendapatan tinggi di masa hadapan. Justeru kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti faktor kritikal kejayaan penglibatan syarikat perniagaan dalam industri sukan di Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah tinjauan yang melibatkan 32 buah syarikat perniagaan yang dipilih secara persampelan rawak. Instrumen faktor kritikal kejayaan (critical success factor) digunakan dalam kajian ini dan data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan faktor kritikal kejayaan dari aspek Organisasi adalah di tahap tinggi dan positif dengan skor M=4.03. Diikuti faktor Perundangan M=3.94, faktor Sikap M=3.88, faktor Komunikasi M=3.75 dan faktor Politik M=3.69. Manakala faktor kritikal kejayaan dari aspek Situasi dan Ekonomi di tahap sederhana dan juga positif dengan skor M=3.66 dan M=3.31. Hasil kajian ini dijangka mampu membantu pihak kerajaan dalam mengatur perancangan dan strategi bagi memastikan industri sukan menjadi antara penyumbang utama ekonomi negara.
There are numerous studies that have found adventure-based program intervention has potentially linked towards the development of psychological aspects, including mental toughness. This study aims to validate Adventure-based Mental Toughness Inventory (AbMTI) through SEM analysis. A total of 371 degree’s level students from several higher institutions were involved as respondents. The final valid data is 357 hence 14 respondents have been removed due to outliers in normality analysis. A total of 67-items representing 7 dimensions of AbMTI was analysed and purified. The data were analysed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s Alpha reliability. Through CFA measurement, the modification indices (MI) examination was conducted. Overall, the final analysis results from CFA-SEM indicates AbMTI has achieved a significant validation value. Four (4) validation analysis was applied such as standard loading (>.50), construct reliability (CR>.60), Cronbach Alpha (α>.70), and average variance extracted (AVE>.50). The final AbMTI consisted of seven (7) constructs and 38-items were validated to tap adventure-based mental toughness. Findings from this study have confirmed AbMTI as valid instruments for assessing mental toughness. It is also considered as the new horizons in mental toughness measure.
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