This study aimed to examine the exercise-induced heart rate response (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in subjects caused by inhaling smoke from tobacco cigarettes (TC) and aerosolized vapor from electronic nicotine dispensing systems (ENDS) (commonly referred to as e-cigarettes (EC)). A randomized crossover study recruited 24 young adult male smokers with an average age of 23 years and with a smoking habit of at least two years. Heart rate response was recorded after a maximal multistage shuttle 20 m run test (MMST) under three different levels of nicotine: Control 0 mg nicotine of EC (C), 3 mg nicotine of EC (3EC), and 3 mg nicotine of TC (3TC). HRV was evaluated based on the beat-to-beat time interval during the running test. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the run time to exhaustion under the three conditions (C: 398 ± 151 s; 3EC: 399 ± 160 s; 3TC: 381 ± 150 s). Exercise-induced HRR was significantly attenuated under the TC condition (p < 0.05). Intriguingly, the HRV standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) during exercise significantly increased under 3EC and 3TC. The results showed that a significant acute autonomic cardiac modulation during exercise is induced by an acute episode of EC and TC smoking.
Background: Background: The direction of coaching is emphasized as a factor affecting the physical conditions of pencak silat martial arts athletes in all categories. One of the physical exercises that affects body composition is aerobic activity. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of aerobic interval (AI) training performed for five weeks on the body mass index (BMI), basal heart rate, and the VO2max of elite athletes. Methods: The study used an experimental design involving total sampling. Thirty national-level pencak silat elite athletes (17 men and 13 women) were involved in this study. Of the participants, 23 had a normal BMI of 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2, and 7 had a BMI above 25 kg/m2 (overweight). Their average age was 23.67 + 4.10 years with an average height of 166.03 + 7.15) cm and average initial weight of 64.84 + 12.65 kg. They were in the preparation phase of their training. This experimental research used a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The Mi Xiaomi Body Scale 2 was used for bioimpedance analysis (BIA), and body composition (body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, bone mass, protein percentage, total water body percentage, visceral fat, body age, muscle mass, and basal metabolic rate [BMR]) and VO2max measurements were acquired using a multistage fitness test (MFT). The athletes lived in a dormitory where the food, type of training and exercise, and sleeping time were controlled to the exact condition. The AI training lasted 67–77 minutes per session, twice a week for five weeks, with vigorous intensity at 80–85% of the maximal heart rate, 5 minutes per interval, and 1 minute of rest between each interval. Results: The weight, BMI, body fat percentage, basal heart rate, and VO2max showed significant differences (p 0.05) after five weeks of AI training. However, AI training did not significantly alter muscle mass, percentage of water, percentage of protein, bone mineral density, or biological age. Conclusion: AI training performed for five weeks improved VO2max and decreased basal heart rate, body weight, and fat percentage.
The aims of this study were: 1) To analyze the effect of wrist flexibility exercise on shooting results; 2) To analyze the impact of arm power training on shooting results; 3) To investigate the effect of concentration training on shooting results; 4) To examine the impact of wrist flexibility exercise, arm power and exercise. Concentration on the results of shooting petanque. This study uses a pre-experimental method with the "One Group Pretest Posttest Design" research design. The instrument used to test the shooting ability is the number game shooting station 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 with a distance of 6 meters. The subjects in this study were petanque athletes in Indragiri Hulu Regency, totalling 18 sons, using purposive sampling. The results of this study: 1) There is an effect of wrist flexibility exercises on the results of shooting petanque. 2) There is an effect of arm power training on the results of shooting petanque. 3) There is an effect of concentration training on the results of shooting petanque. 4) There are similarities between the results of wrist flexibility exercises, arm power, and concentration and without concentration on the shooting results of petanque athletes in the Indragiti upstream district. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect between wrist flexibility, arm power, and concentration on shooting results in petanque athletes in Indragiri Hulu Regency, based on the T-test simultaneously. This means that Wrist Flexibility, Arm Power, and Concentration are very influential in petanque sports.
Lactate is a metabolite produced during anaerobic glycolysis for ATP resynthesis, which accumulates during hypoxia and muscle contraction. Tobacco smoking significantly increases blood lactate. Here we conducted a counter-balanced crossover study to examine whether this effect is associated with inhaling nicotine or burned carbon particles. Fifteen male smokers (aged 23 to 26 years) were randomized into 3 inhalation conditions: tobacco smoking, nicotine vaping, and nicotine-free vaping, conducted two days apart. An electronic thermal evaporator (e-cigarette) was used for vaping. We have observed an increased blood lactate (+62%, main effect: p < 0.01) and a decreased blood glucose (−12%, main effect: p < 0.05) during thermal air inhalations regardless of the content delivered. Exercise-induced lactate accumulation and shuttle run performance were similar for the 3 inhalation conditions. Tobacco smoking slightly increased the resting heart rate above the two vaping conditions (p < 0.05), implicating the role of burned carbon particles on sympathetic stimulation, independent of nicotine and thermal air. The exercise response in the heart rate was similar for the 3 conditions. The results of the study suggest that acute hypoxia was induced by breathing thermal air. This may explain the reciprocal increases in lactate and decreases in glucose. The impaired lung function in oxygen delivery of tobacco smoking is unrelated to nicotine.
This study aims to analyze the influence and analyze the differences between zumba and strong by zumba exercises limited to body fat and body circumference in women aged 20–40 years. This research method is a study using a quasi-experiment with a control group pretest and posttest design. Data analysis techniques are collected, processed, and analyzed statistically by calculating the average deviation and testing of normality requirements from the score distributor using SPSS version 15.00 for window evaluation. The results of the zumba exercise method had a decrease in the thickness of belly fat by -7.60, a decrease in the thickness of biceps fat of -5.60, and a decreased thickness of triceps fat of -5.30, while the strong by zumba exercise method had a decrease in belly fat thickness of -15.90, a decrease in biceps fat thickness of-9.80, and a decreased thickness of triceps fat of -9.20. The zumba exercise method had a decrease in abdominal circumference of -7.80, a decrease in thigh circumference of -4.20, and a decreased arm circumference of -5.50, while the strong by zumba exercise method had an average decrease in abdominal circumference of -11.40, a decrease in thigh circumference of -3.90, and decreased arm circumference of -7.60. Strong by zumba exercises are more effective for reducing body fat thickness as well as decreasing body circumference, and strong by zumba exercises are more effective for reducing body circumference.
This study investigated the influence of the intention to lean the body forward on spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during the acceleration phase of a sprint. Fourteen active adults performed two 50 m sprints (with and without the intention to lean), during which spatiotemporal variables and impulses were obtained using a long force platform system. Effect size (Cohen’s d) was used to examine the differences between the two trials. We found that running speed and net anteroposterior impulse did not change by the intention for all steps. However, step frequency increased in the initial two steps through decreases in support time and flight time by the intention. Moreover, these shorter support and flight times were caused by a decrease in the vertical impulse. The propulsive impulse did not change during the initial part of acceleration phase, but the braking impulse decreased at the first step. This study demonstrates that an intention to lean the body forward leads to a smaller braking impulse and a higher step frequency through shorter support and flight times and a smaller vertical impulse during the initial part of the acceleration phase of a sprint.
To determine the effectiveness of FIFA 11+ kids as an injury prevention program in male youth football players. In addition, this study will evaluate the implementation of FIFA 11+ as warming up and injury prevention for the youth football club. The quasi experimental and descriptive survey study design was conducted in this study. 24 football clubs in Semarang were observed and analyzed using interviews and questioner. From 24 football clubs, just 20 football clubs have kid's teams between the ages of 9 and 12 in January 2018-June 2020. The total youth athlete is 980 kids. The average time each warming up is 15-20 minutes. The rate of injury during a competition in each game base on how many athletes were injured was fifty. The coach age was sufficient for implementing the program-the coach's license was also an active variable for the success injury prevention program in their athletes.
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