Haruan (Channa striatus) is a type of fresh water fish in Malaysia that is known to promote wound healing. Haruan water extract has been formulated in an aerosol system which can produce a film for wound dressing. As topical preparation, Haruan spray needs to be evaluated in terms of the possibility to cause irritation reaction or toxic response. Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the safety of Haruan spray which are Primary Skin Irritation test, Intracutaneous test and Systemic Injection test. The result shows that Haruan spray gave no significant responses to all the above tests. The investigation of the effect of Haruan spray as wound dressing in the healing process was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats where 6-cm long full-thickness incision wound and burn wound were made on the back of the animals. Haruan spray was tested and compared with blank formula as control. Tensile strength test of treated wound was carried out at the 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th day after wounding and treatment. The burn wounds contraction was measured daily for 21 days. Results showed that haruan water extract spray formula is not only effective but also safe for application to both incision and burn wounds.
Background and purpose: Recently, we have highlighted the immunomodulatory activity of Curcuma mangga Val. on phagocytosis ability. The current study was conducted to determine the immunomodulatory effects of the standardized extract of C. mangga rhizomes by in vitro and in vivo studies. Experimental approach: The C. mangga extract was standardized according to a guideline for herbal preparation. The extract was investigated for its immunomodulatory effects on gene expression of cytokines, cytokines and antibody production as well as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response. The gene expression of cytokines on lipopolysaccharide-induced-RAW 264.7 cells was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The effect of the extract on DTH response was investigated by the paw edema method, meanwhile the effects of the extract on antibody and cytokine production from normal and cyclophosphamide-induced Salmonella typhimurium infected rats were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Findings/Results: The extract of C. mangga demonstrated an inhibitory effect on gene expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 as compared to lipopolysaccharide-induced cells. The extract also depicted inhibitory activity on IL-4 production as compared to the negative control. Whereas, the DTH response and production of immunoglobulin G from both groups after treatment with C. mangga extract were higher than those of negative control ( P < 0.05). Conclusion and implications: The results indicated that the C. mangga extract has immunomodulatory effects, emphasizing its potential to be developed as immunotherapeutic agent.
BACKGROUND: The product development of an anti-aging dosage for human skin is a very interesting issue because every human wants to be looked young as long as possible. A studies and development of plant that contain of antioxidant properties need to be studied further. AIM: The aim of this research was to formulate and evaluate the physical and anti-aging effect of the Peel-Off Gel Mask from Red Bean Ethanol Extract (PGMRB). METHODS: The Extract Ethanol of Red Bean was extracted by maceration methods with ethanol 96%. The Peel-off base was consisted of Polyvinyl alcohol, glycerin and carbomer 940. The gel formulation was made in 3 formulas (F1, F2, and F3) consisted with 1%, 3% and 5% ethanol extract, respectively. The blank formula (F0) was also prepared as a control formula. The evaluation of gel formulation included organoleptic test, pH determination, stability test, homogeneity test, peeling time, irritation test and anti-aging effect test included moisture level, skin pore size, the evenness test and dark spot test by using skin analyzer. RESULTS: All of the formula showed a homogen, pH around 6, peeling time less than 20 minutes, no irritation and stable for 12 weeks storage at room temperature. The treatment with PGMRB demonstrated an improvement on the moisture level, pore size, evenness and the number of black spots with F3 containing 5% extract as the best formula. CONCLUSION: The ethanol extract of red bean can be formulated become a peel-off gel mask and having the anti-aging effect.
BACKGROUND: Halitosis is one of the unpleasant conditions which could alter the self-confidence and cause serious illness. One of the treatments to overcome halitosis is by using mouthwash. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is one of the plants that is known to have antibacterial activity which can be used to overcome halitosis caused bacteria. AIM: To formulate the Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves ethanolic extract as herbal mouthwash and to evaluate the antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. METHODS: The methods of the study included the characterization and screening of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves dried powder; the extraction process by maceration using 96% ethanol; the antibacterial activity test of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves ethanolic extract and the formulation and evaluation of mouthwash dosage form with various concentrations of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves ethanolic extract. RESULTS: The characterization results showed that the Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves powder contained 7.92% of water, 29.26% of water-soluble substance, 13.32% of ethanol soluble substance, 0.82% of total ash and 0.66% of acid insoluble ash. The screening examination gave glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, tannin and steroid/triterpenoid positive results. The antibacterial activity test of the Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng mouthwash showed that the dosage form with 2% of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng extract successfully inhibited the growth of bacteria with 12.00 and 11.25 mm of inhibition diameter for both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves ethanolic extract can be formulated in mouthwash dosage form and has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.
Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Sungai Rungau Mill mempunyai bahan bakar biomassa yang sangat melimpah. Akan tetapi penggunaan sumber bahan bakar ini harus dioptimalkan agar performa pabrik dapat berjalan dengan baik dengan cara mengkaji kebutuhan energi secara aktual. Jumlah dan komposisi bahan bakar yang digunakan harus diperhatikan sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Kelebihan atau kekurangan bahan bakar dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan tekanan dan komposisi yang tidak tepat yang akan menyebabkan perambatan panas yang kurang baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji kebutuhan dan komposisi bahan bakar yang sesuai dengan energi yang dibutuhkan untuk proses produksi kelapa sawit. Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Sungai Rungau Mill mempunyai sistem pembangkit uap yang mengubah air menjadi steam untuk menggerakan turbin uap dengan bahan bakar serabut dan cangkang hasil dari proses produksi tandan buah segar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengukuran langsung di Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Sungai Rungau Mill dengan berbagai instrumen dan peralatan yang ada. Dari proses produksi tandan buah segar dengan kapasitas 82,3 ton/jam diperoleh serabut dan cangkang masing-masing sebanyak 11,36 ton/jam dan 4,73 ton/jam. Kemudian bahan bakar tersebut dipakai untuk boiler dengan jumlah serabut 10,60 ton sedangkan cangkang 2,73 ton dengan persentase 79,49 % serabut dan 20,51 % cangkang. Selanjutnya pembakaran dalam boiler menghasilkan steam dengan jumlah 43,2 ton/jam yang digunakan untuk menggerakan turbin sehingga menghasilkan daya listrik sebesar 1475 kWh.
This study sets out to investigate the in vitro permeation of ketoprofen from the formulated nanoemulsions through excised rat skin. In vitro permeation of ketoprofen nanoemulsion through rat skin was evaluated in Franz diffusion cells and compared with marketed product Fastum gel ® . Limonene which has been reported to be a good enhancer for ketoprofen was selected. Moreover the effects of limonene which was added to the nanoemulsion formulations at levels of 1%, 2%, 3% and on rat skin permeation of ketoprofen were also evaluated. The selected optimized formulation was further studied for skin irritation. Utilization of limonene as a penetration enhancer increased the permeation of ketoprofen from the formulated nanoemulsion with increasing concentrations of limonene. The results obtained showed that nanoemulsion with 3% limonene produced similar and comparable skin permeation of ketoprofen with marketed formulation and the skin irritation study on rats showed the optimized formulation prepared was safe.
Objective: The study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Curanga fel-terrae leaves (EECFL) against acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contraction of the ACh-muscarinic-3 receptor. Materials and Methods:The study of the inhibitory effect of the ethanolic extract on the contraction by ACh concentration series (10 −8 -10 −3 M) was conducted in vitro using isolated guinea pig tracheal organ in the Krebs solution.Results: Early incubation of tracheal organ with EECFL (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/ml) before contracted by the series of ACh concentration produces the decrease of ACh contraction. The concentration series of ACh sigmoid curve rightward shift without decreasing the maximal contraction. The results of double-reciprocal plot of ACh shows the mean value of the 1/y-intercept of each extract was not different with the control. Conclusion:The EECFL showed competitive antagonist effect on ACh-muscarinic-3 receptors.
Objective: The aim of this study is to observe the activity of ethanol extract of Curanga fel-terrae leave in preventing the damaged of liver which is induced by high dose of paracetamol. Methods:This research was conducted using Wistar rat divided into six groups. Group 1 was the normal group. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 received carboxymethyl cellulose-Na 0.5% (negative control), C. fel-terrae ethanolic extract (CFEE) at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, catechin 2 mg/kg (positive control), respectively, during 7 days continued and followed by given paracetamol dose of 2.5 g/kg 8 hrs. After that, hepatoprotective activity was carried out toward parameter of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as histopathology of the liver. Results:The results showed that high dose paracetamol dose of 2.5g/kg bw can cause liver damaged which can be seen by the increasing of the level of AST and ALT compared to the normal group (p<0.05). The usage of three doses of CFEE for 7 days showed the prevention of the increasing of the level of AST and ALT compared to negative control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the histopathology study revealed that the three doses of extract could protect the liver. Conclusion:The CFEE at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw which was given for 7 days can prevent the liver from the damage caused by a high dose of paracetamol.
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