BACKGROUND: Halitosis is one of the unpleasant conditions which could alter the self-confidence and cause serious illness. One of the treatments to overcome halitosis is by using mouthwash. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is one of the plants that is known to have antibacterial activity which can be used to overcome halitosis caused bacteria. AIM: To formulate the Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves ethanolic extract as herbal mouthwash and to evaluate the antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. METHODS: The methods of the study included the characterization and screening of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves dried powder; the extraction process by maceration using 96% ethanol; the antibacterial activity test of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves ethanolic extract and the formulation and evaluation of mouthwash dosage form with various concentrations of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves ethanolic extract. RESULTS: The characterization results showed that the Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves powder contained 7.92% of water, 29.26% of water-soluble substance, 13.32% of ethanol soluble substance, 0.82% of total ash and 0.66% of acid insoluble ash. The screening examination gave glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, tannin and steroid/triterpenoid positive results. The antibacterial activity test of the Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng mouthwash showed that the dosage form with 2% of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng extract successfully inhibited the growth of bacteria with 12.00 and 11.25 mm of inhibition diameter for both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves ethanolic extract can be formulated in mouthwash dosage form and has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.
BACKGROUND: Antiaging cosmetics are cosmetics that can prevent or correct the signs of premature aging. Passion fruit (Passiflora sp.) peel is an agricultural waste contains polyphenol compounds and flavonoids which are a source of natural antioxidants to prevent premature aging. The passion fruit peel extract formulated into gel preparations which can increase the economic value of the passion fruit peel waste. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to test the antiaging activity of gel preparations containing ethanolic extracts of purple, red, and yellow passion fruit on experimental animal skins with several parameters (wrinkle, melanin, pore, moisture, and elasticity). METHODS: Gel was made by adding passion fruit peel extract with several concentrations (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, and 0.25%) in gel base. The blank used is a gel base without extracts. Measurement of wrinkle, black pigment (melanin), pore size, moisture content, and elasticity was performed using a skin analyzer. The use of gel is done 2 times a day for 28 days. RESULTS: Gel with purple, red, and yellow passion fruit peel extract can be formulated into gel preparations. The higher concentration of passion fruit peel extract shows a higher antiaging activity. Gel preparations with purple, red, and yellow passion fruit peel extract, respectively, show the recovery of wrinkle 16.16%, 8.73%, and 6.49%; recovery of melanin 20.11%, 10.75%, and 8.06%; recovery of pore 18.78%, 10.15%, and 7.69%; recovery of moisture 32.74%, 17.70%, and 13.04%; and recovery of elasticity 30.08%, 16.13%, and 12.30%. CONCLUSIONS: The highest antiaging activity was given by gel preparations containing purple passion fruit peel extract and the lowest antiaging activity was given by gel preparations with yellow passion fruit peel extracts.
Objective: To formulate binahong leaf extract in the microemulsion dosage form and to evaluate the anti-aging effect on the human skin.Methods: Binahong leaf extract was prepared by maceration then formulated into microemulsion dosage form with various concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%. The microemulsion preparation was prepared by adding the oil phase to the water phasehen mixed until a clear and transparent microemulsion was formed. Characterization of the dried powder included the determination of water content, water-soluble content, ethanol-soluble content, total ash content, and unsaturated acid ash content. Evaluation of microemulsion preparation included a stability test, determination of homogeneity, density, viscosity, pH, centrifugation, microemulsion type, surface tension, particle size, irritation test, and anti-aging effect test using skin analyzer. Anti-aging parameters measured included moisture, number of spots and wrinkles number.Results: Characterization results showed the water content of 7.48%, water-soluble content of 19.2%, ethanol soluble content of 9.46%, total ash content of 4.65%, and acid content of 0.58%. Microemulsion preparation of the binahong leaf extract was homogen, had low viscosity, pH 6.0–7.0, density of 1.049–1.0753 g/ml, surface tension of 35.24–38.00 dyne/cm, particle size of 364.68–632.72 nm, stable for 12 weeks storage and did not irritate the skin. The results of anti-aging effect measurements showed that the 0.5% binahong leaf extract microemulsion gave the best results.Conclusion: The dried powder of binahong leaf is qualified to be formulated. Microemulsion preparation of 0.5% binahong leaf extract showed the best anti-aging effect.
Objective: The objective of this study is to observe the solubility calcium oxalate as a prototype of kidney stone in breadfruit leaf extract solution (n-hexane extract solution, ethyl acetate extract solution, and ethanol extract solution) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Methods: Research was conducted qualitatively to analyze calcium oxalate solubility in breadfruit leaf extract solution. The solubility of calcium was known by measuring the levels of calcium in extract solution before and after incubation with calcium oxalate. Potassium as a factor that can enhance the solubility of calcium oxalate also measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The higher concentration of extract solution used in incubation with calciumoxalate, the higher dissolving activity of calcium oxalate. The highest activity was found in ethyl acetate extract to dissolve calcium oxalate. Potassium has a small effect on the activity of dissolving calcium oxalate. Activity may be due to the phytochemical content present in the ethyl acetate extract.Conclusion: Ethyl acetate extract solution has the highest activity to dissolve calcium compared to n-hexane extract and ethanol extract solution.
Lip balm merupakan pelembab yang berfungsi untuk melembabkan bibir agar tidak mudah kering dan pecah-pecah. Kulit delima kaya akan flavonoid, asam fenolat, dan tanin yang berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memformulasi sediaan pelembab bibir menggunakan ekstrak kulit buah delima dan menentukan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memberikan efek melembabkan. Kulit buah delima dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% dan dipekatkan dengan rotary evaporator. Ekstrak kulit buah delima dengan konsentrasi 2,5; 5; 7,5; dan 10%, diformulasikan dalam dasar lip balm. Pengujian terhadap sediaan lip balm meliputi uji homogenitas, pengukuran pH, uji iritasi dan uji stabilitas sediaan dengan parameter seperti bau, warna dan pH selama penyimpanan 12 minggu. Pengujian kemampuan sediaan untuk melembabkan menggunakan alat pemeriksa kelembaban dalam perangkat skin analyzer selama perawatan 4 minggu. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa semua sediaan lip balm homogen, memiliki pH 5,6-6,1 stabil selama penyimpanan 12 minggu, dan tidak mengiritasi. Sediaan lip balm ekstrak kulit buah delima dengan konsentrasi 10% dapat memberikan efek melembabkan bibir paling baik yang mampu memulihkan kulit bibir setelah 4 minggu pemakaian. Hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah delima dapat diformulasi dalam bentuk sediaan lip balm dan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 10% mampu memberikan efek melembabkan bibir setelah 4 minggu pemakaian.
AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of ethanol extract of Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham and Anredera cordifolia Steenis leaves to increase cell proliferation and increase VEGFR-2 expression of NIH-3T3. METHODS: The samples used were Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham and Anredera cordifilia Steenis leaves. The powder of simples was extracted using ethanol 80% with maceration method. The effect of extract combination on proliferation was evaluated using the MTT method. Wound healing assay was established by a cell migration method, and VEGFR-2 expression was determined using RT-PCR. RESULTS: The effect of combination of ethanol extract of Artocarpus lacucha leaves (EEALL) and ethanol extract of Anredera cordifolia leaves (EEACL) on cell proliferation after 24h, 48h and 72h incubation found as viable cells were showed (124.33 ± 0.32%; 128.52 ± 0.41%; 118.35 ± 0.22%). Percent of wound closed after 24 h and 48 h incubation are 64.88 ± 0.90% and 100.00 ± 0.00%, and expression of VEGFR-2 increased from 1 (control) to 1.58 ± 0.02. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a combination of EEALL and EEACL (37.5 μg/mL−37.5 μg/mL) is effective in increasing cells proliferation and hence wound healing process.
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