Effect of Limonene on Permeation Enhancement of Ketoprofen in Palm Oil Esters Nanoemulsion

Abstract

This study sets out to investigate the in vitro permeation of ketoprofen from the formulated nanoemulsions through excised rat skin. In vitro permeation of ketoprofen nanoemulsion through rat skin was evaluated in Franz diffusion cells and compared with marketed product Fastum gel ® . Limonene which has been reported to be a good enhancer for ketoprofen was selected. Moreover the effects of limonene which was added to the nanoemulsion formulations at levels of 1%, 2%, 3% and on rat skin permeation of ketoprofen were also evaluated. The selected optimized formulation was further studied for skin irritation. Utilization of limonene as a penetration enhancer increased the permeation of ketoprofen from the formulated nanoemulsion with increasing concentrations of limonene. The results obtained showed that nanoemulsion with 3% limonene produced similar and comparable skin permeation of ketoprofen with marketed formulation and the skin irritation study on rats showed the optimized formulation prepared was safe.

In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibitory Activity of Limonene against Different Isolates of Candida spp.

“…Additionally, some authors have demonstrated that limonene can exert a protective effect against diabetes in a treatment experimental model using rats [ 16 ]. Moreover, limonene increases the permeation of other drugs, both in in vitro and in vivo models [ 17 , 18 ].…”

QbD based approach for optimization of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate loaded liquid crystal precursor with improved permeability

“…The literature reports various approaches such as the use of bile salts, saponins [1] , straight chain fatty acids [2] , microemulsion [3] , nanoemulsion [4] , cyclodextrin inclusion complex [5] , chitosan derivatives [6] , self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems [7] , interfacial cohesion and supramolecular assembly of bioadhesive species [8] (including liquid crystals) for permeation enhancement of BCS-III drugs [9] . Additionally, advanced technologies, such as iontophoresis [10] , ultrasound [11] , microneedles [12] , [13] , electroporation [14] , radiofrequency [15] , and microporation [16] have been used for enhancing the transdermal permeation of drugs.…”

Antibacterial PEGylated Solid Lipid Microparticles for Cosmeceutical Purpose: Formulation, Characterization, and Efficacy Evaluation

“…Nevertheless, the RSV partition coefficient (LogP = 3.09) [31] and good solubility in lipid excipients allow its use to generate formulations that rely on solid lipid microparticles (SLM). The latter are also ideal to encapsulate extremely volatile substances, such as LIM, considering that essential oils extracted from Citrus species containing a high percentage of LIM (85%) were shown to have antimicrobial effects against acne-inducing bacteria [32], as well as to promote the absorption of other substances through the human skin and mucous membrane [33,34]. Thus, SLMs containing RSV and LIM are here proposed as an innovative formulation capable of exerting a synergistic antimicrobial efficacy, which might promote the absorption of various drugs.…”