AIM: This study was to determine the sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from pus specimens of post-surgery patients in Medan, Indonesia to selected antibiotics. METHODS: Samples were collected at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. The isolated bacteria were identified by Gram’s stain, colony characteristics, and biochemical tests. Susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates were tested to selected antibiotics including amikacin, meropenem, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefuroxime, cefepime, cefotaxime, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin and ampicillin with Kirby Bauer method by measuring the inhibitory zone. RESULTS: A total of 20 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained in this study. The results showed that K. Pneumonia isolates exhibited good sensitivity to amikacin (100%) and meropenem (80%). Sensitivity of levofloxacin (60%), ceftazidime (55%), ciprofloxacin (55%), cefoperazone (50%), and co-trimoxazole (50%) were moderate for the bacterial isolates. K. Pneumoniae isolates indicated low sensitivity to cefuroxime (45%), chloramphenicol (35%), cefepime (30%), cefotaxime (30%), tetracycline (30%), amoxicillin (5%), and ampicillin (5%). CONCLUSION: This study concludes that K. pneumoniae isolates are most sensitive to amikacin and less sensitive to ampicillin and amoxicillin.
Objective: This study was to investigate the anthelmintic effects of ethanol extract of Curanga fel-terrae leaves on Ascaridia galli.Methods: Extract of C. fel-terrae was prepared by percolating the dried powder of the plant leaves. To observe anthelmintic effects, A. galli was exposed to the plant extract solutions in different concentrations at room temperature for 72 hrs. Sodium chloride 0.9%, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.5%, and albendazole 0.1% were served as negative control, solvent control, and positive control, respectively. The anthelmintic effects were determined by observing the time taken for paralysis and the time taken for death of A. galli during experiment. Results:The results demonstrated that there were no different effects between negative and solvent controls. However, the ethanol extract of C. fel-terrae leaves exhibited significantly paralysis and death effects toward A. galli. The plant extracts at the concentration of 100 mg/ml showed similar anthelmintic effects with albendazole 0.1%. This study also indicated that the paralysis and death effects of plant extract were shorter when the worms exposed with the concentration above of 100 mg/ml. Conclusion:This study indicated that the ethanol extract of C. fel-terrae leaves has potential anthelmintic effects on A. galli.
Objective: The study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of Curanga fel-terrae leaves (EECFL) against acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contraction of the ACh-muscarinic-3 receptor. Materials and Methods:The study of the inhibitory effect of the ethanolic extract on the contraction by ACh concentration series (10 −8 -10 −3 M) was conducted in vitro using isolated guinea pig tracheal organ in the Krebs solution.Results: Early incubation of tracheal organ with EECFL (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/ml) before contracted by the series of ACh concentration produces the decrease of ACh contraction. The concentration series of ACh sigmoid curve rightward shift without decreasing the maximal contraction. The results of double-reciprocal plot of ACh shows the mean value of the 1/y-intercept of each extract was not different with the control. Conclusion:The EECFL showed competitive antagonist effect on ACh-muscarinic-3 receptors.
Objective: The aim of this study is to observe the activity of ethanol extract of Curanga fel-terrae leave in preventing the damaged of liver which is induced by high dose of paracetamol. Methods:This research was conducted using Wistar rat divided into six groups. Group 1 was the normal group. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 received carboxymethyl cellulose-Na 0.5% (negative control), C. fel-terrae ethanolic extract (CFEE) at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, catechin 2 mg/kg (positive control), respectively, during 7 days continued and followed by given paracetamol dose of 2.5 g/kg 8 hrs. After that, hepatoprotective activity was carried out toward parameter of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as histopathology of the liver. Results:The results showed that high dose paracetamol dose of 2.5g/kg bw can cause liver damaged which can be seen by the increasing of the level of AST and ALT compared to the normal group (p<0.05). The usage of three doses of CFEE for 7 days showed the prevention of the increasing of the level of AST and ALT compared to negative control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the histopathology study revealed that the three doses of extract could protect the liver. Conclusion:The CFEE at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw which was given for 7 days can prevent the liver from the damage caused by a high dose of paracetamol.
Objective: Picria fel-terrae belongs to family Linderniaceae is also known as Pugun tano by Indonesian people. The ethanolic extract of plant leaves has several potential pharmacological activities including antidiabetic, anthelmintic, and antioxidant. However, the toxicity of the plant extract is rarely explored. This work was to investigate toxicity of the leaf ethanolic extract of P. fel-terrae on Artemia salina and male mice.Methods: Acute toxicity of the plant extract was studied by in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro study was carried out by exposing nauplii to the plant extract at concentrations of 10, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 μg/ml for 48 h. In vivo study was performed on male mice that divided into four groups. Groups I, II, III, and IV were treated with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.5%, the ethanolic extract of plant leaves at doses of 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg bw, respectively. The animal toxic symptoms were observed every day for 14 days. On day 15, the blood of mice was collected to measure alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine levels. The effects of plant extract on vital animal organs such as heart, liver, and kidney were also studied. Statistical analysis of data was performed using analysis of variance and followed by Tukey post hoc.Results: The results showed that the leaf ethanolic extract of P. fel-terrae to have weakly toxicity on A. salina with the LC50 of 768.07 μg/ml. At in vivo studies, the toxic symptoms of mice were not identified during experiment with all doses of the plant extract for 14 days. In addition, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine levels were no significantly different between control and all treatment groups (p>0.05). However, alanine aminotransferase level changed when mice were exposed by the plant extract at the doses of 2.000 and 5.000 mg/kg bw. Although the mice were not dead during experiment, the animal organs such as heart, liver, and kidney were histologically changed.Conclusion: This study suggests that the ethanolic extract of P. fel-terrae leaves has weakly toxicity on A. salina and causes histological changes on male mice organs at the high doses.
Abstract BACKGROUND: The long-term use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) triggers gastric mucosal damage and causes ulcers. Meanwhile, studies showed that God's crown fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains secondary metabolites of flavonoids and tannins that can protect the gastric mucosa. AIM: This study aims to determine the gastroprotective effect of P. macrocarpa ethanolic extracts against gastric ulcers in rats induced with acetosal and ethanol. The extracts were obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. METHODS: The male rats used were divided into 7 groups for each test with ethanol and acetosal induction. Each group consisted of 5 rats, namely normal control, induction, carrier, positive control (sucralfate 360 mg/kg BW and omeprazole 3.6 mg/kg BW), and extract doses 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight. All groups were given treatment for 7 days except normal and induction controls. On day 6, rats were fasted for 36 hours and induced with acetosal/ethanol. In ethanol induction, the animal was sacrificed after 10 hours of immersion while in acetosal, the animal was sacrificed 6 hours later. The stomach section was taken for macroscopic, microscopic parameters and gastric acid secretion examination. RESULTS: The results of phytochemical screening showed that the extract contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and glycosides. In acetosal-induced ulcers, the administration of one dose of the extract reduced the number and score of ulcers, repair epithelial cells, increase pH, and total gastric acidity. Furthermore, the percentage of ulcer inhibition at the extract dose of 400 mg/kg BW was 91.91±3.74% in ethanol induction, and 59±13.08% in acetosal. CONCLUSION: The ethanolic extract of P. macrocarpa has a gastroprotective effect on acetosal-induced gastric ulcer rats. Keywords: Phaleria macrocarpa, Mahkota Dewa fruit, gastroprotective, gastric ulcers, extract
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to examine the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of Eriobotrya japonica leaves (EEEJL) pre-incubated with theophylline and aspirin on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains against acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contraction.Methods: The effect of EEEJL (1-8 mg/Ml) on the isolated tracheal strips was tested in vitro. Furthermore, the mechanism of relaxant effects of EEEJL was evaluated in the presence of theophylline and aspirin.Results: The contractile response evoked by Ach (1.25 × 10−3 M) was decreased by EEEJL (effective concentration50 = 1.36 mg/mL) and has no significant difference of relaxant effect to that of EEEJL pre-incubated with theophylline and aspirin (p>0.05).Conclusion: The EEEJL decreased the ACh-induced contraction through the inhibition of PDE and the protective effect on prostaglandin E2.
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