The purpose of this research was to know the effect of blended learning strategy on learning achievement and science process skills of students in plant tissue culture course in the Universitas Negeri Medan. The research method was quasi experiment. The population of this study was all semester VIII students of biology education program. The study sample consists of two classes, namely: class A known as control class who were taught by conventional learning strategy and class C known as experiment class who were taught by blended learning strategy. They were selected using cluster random sampling technique. The results of the study showed that tcount = 3.769, P= 0.001 at the level significance of 0.05 in learning achievements score. It also showed that tcount = 5.435 > ttable = 1.661 P= 0.001 at the level significance of 0.05 in science process skills score. Based on the study result, it can be concluded the blended learning strategy found significantly more effective in enhancing students' learning achievement and science process skills in plant tissue culture course as compared to the conventional learning strategy.

Doxorubicin is a widely used and promising anticancer drug; however, a severe dose-dependent cardiotoxicity hampers its therapeutic value. Doxorubicin may cause acute and chronic issues, depending on the duration of toxicity. In clinical practice, the accumulative toxic dose is up to 400 mg/m2 and increasing the dose will increase the probability of cardiac toxicity. Several molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity have been proposed, including oxidative stress, topoisomerase beta II inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation, intracellular iron accumulation, ensuing cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), autophagy, and myofibrillar disarray and loss. Natural products including flavonoids have been widely studied both in cell, animal, and human models which proves that flavonoids alleviate cardiac toxicity caused by doxorubicin. This review comprehensively summarizes cardioprotective activity flavonoids including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, apigenin, naringenin, and hesperidin against doxorubicin, both in in vitro and in vivo models.

Vernonia amygdalina Delile ( Asteraceae ) is used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus, and some research provides its activity to treat breast cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the anticancer activity of Vernonia amygdalina Delile leaves fractions on 4T1 breast cancer cells. Analysis of phytochemical compounds were carried out with LC-MS/MS. Cytotoxic activity was determined using the MTT method in the 4T1 cell line. Apoptosis, the cell cycle, and PI3K and mTOR profiles were analyzed with flow cytometry. The phytochemicals found were diterpene (ingenol-3-angelate) and some phenolics (chlorogenic acid and 4-methoxycinnamic acid), flavonoids (apigetrin, apigenin, luteolin, diosmetin, baicalin, rhoifolin, and scutellarin), and coumarines (7-hydroxycoumarine, 4-methylumbelliferone, and 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide). The results of the MTT assay showed that the IC 50 values n -hexane fraction, ethylacetate fraction (EAF), and ethanol fractions were 1,860.54 ± 93.11, 25.04 ± 0.36, and 1,940.84 ± 96.37 μg/mL, respectively. EAF induced early and late apoptosis, inhibited cell cycle progression on the G 2 /M phase, and inhibited PI3K and mTOR expression. The EAF of Vernonia amygdalina Delile leaves showed anticancer activity on 4T1 breast cancer cells through induction of apoptosis, enhanced cell accumulation on G 2 /M phases in the cell cycle, and inhibited expression of PI3K and mTOR.

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Propagation of mangosteen is challenging for many reasons, including limited seed set, slow rate of seedling growth, and difficulty with root formations. The objective of this research was to find the best combination of medium and plant growth regulator for in vitro growth and rooting of mangosteeen seed. Various types of explant (a whole seed; seed divided into 2, 3, and 4 cross sections; seed divided into 2, 3, and 4 longitudinal sections) were treated with five concentrations of benzyl amino purine (BAP; 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mg/L) for shoot induction in ½ Nitrogen (N) Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The shoots were rooted on MS and woody plant medium (WPM) media with several combinations of indole butyric acid (IBA) and naphtalene acetic acid (NAA). Treatments for root induction were applied as follows: (i) low dose, given during induction of rooting, (ii) soaking the base of the shoots in medium treated with a high dose of auxin for 5 days, and then growing the shoots in MS ½ N with 1 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L BAP medium. Our result show that BAP positively affected mangosteen bud growth. The best medium for mangosteen shoot regeneration was found to be MS ½ N + 5 mg/L BAP. This medium induced the highest number of shoots from the seed explant cut into four cross sections. We found the best medium to induce in vitro rooting of mangosteen shoot was MS ½ N + 3 mg/L indole butiric acid (IBA) + 4 mg/L NAA medium. Some treatment negatively affected growth. Soaking the mangosteen shoot base in a medium with an overly high dose of auxin seemed to disrupt and inhibit growth of the mangosteen shoot.

BACKGROUND: The pesticide use is one of the agriculture intensifications which have advantages in production but given the negative impact on health like pesticide toxicity. The pesticide usage that improper and not accordance with the procedure is in line with the number of toxicity among farmers. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the determinants of unsafe behavior in pesticide usage among horticulture farmers at Sumber Mufakat village. METHODS: This research used a mixed-method with 505 farmers as population. The quantitative and qualitative data given from 83 horticulture farmer as sample size and reached by simple random sampling technique. The sample is distributed representative on nine hamlets that divided into two main areas Sumbul and Berhala. Data collected by in-depth interview and focus group discussion based on behavioral determinants according to predisposing factor, enabling factor, and reinforcing factor. The qualitative data were analyzed in the domain of Lawrence Green’s concept and quantitatively analyzed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The results found that the predisposing factors of knowledge, attitude, habit, culture, and social status are significance with unsafe behavior although some farmers show the negative action that not suitable with the attitude. There is a significant association between enabling factor in available of personal protection equipment and pesticides, working tools, and health facilities with unsafe behavior. Even though the farmers rarely being used the health facilities cause using traditional medicine to treat their symptoms of toxicity. The reinforcing factor such as supporting of the community leader, partner, and stakeholders has significantly associated with unsafe behavior even though the observations showed the lack of socialization and supervision in pesticide usage. CONCLUSION: It concluded that unsafe behavior in pesticide use caused by the lack of knowledge of farmers, the lack of supervision, and support from related parties. Farmers have their own decisions on pesticide use and no sustain supervision among the farmer. It recommended to empowering the community to increase the collaboration between farmers and government with the same vision to solve the toxicity of pesticide risk in social movement formed.

Abstract. Nasri, Harahap U, Silalahi J, Satria D. 2021. Antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Dengke Naniura of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against diarrhea-causing pathogenic bacteria. Biodiversitas 22: 3098-3104. Diarrhea is the discharge of liquid or watery stools 3 to 4 times a day caused by a bacterial infection. Treatments for diarrhea are probiotics, which have a beneficial effect on the health of the host such as antibacterial. Traditional Batak Toba fermented food, Dengke Naniura, is a source of probiotics. This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and leakage of DNA and protein from lactic acid bacteria against pathogens. Isolation of LAB was obtained from Dengke Naniura by pour plate method on deMann Rogosa and Sharpe Agar + CaCO3 1%. In this study, Characterization and analysis of bacterial sequencing used Polymerase Chain Reaction. Determination of MIC used the agar diffusion method. The MBC test used the streaking method which was a stroke from the inhibition zone formed. DNA and protein leakage was measured using spectrophotometry UV-VIS (260nm and 280nm). The isolation results obtained were Lactobacillus fermentum, the characterization showed that the bacteria were Gram-positive, bacilli, non-sporing, catalase-negative, and able to ferment sugar. The MIC determination was obtained at a concentration of 10%v/v with a clear zone diameter. Determination of MBC against pathogens was obtained at different concentrations. The results of DNA and protein leakage showed an increased absorption (260nm and 280nm).

Objectives: The research  aims to determine the effect of Muntingia calabura leaves extract on improving diabetes conditions, by analyzing blood glucose and insulin levels of male Rattus novergicus which is given high fat diet and induce streptozotocin 30 mg/kg BB with a two-week interval. Design: This research was a purely experimental with pretest and post test control group design. This research was divides into 6 groups. Three treatment groups were treated by Muntingia calabura leaves extract with the doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg. Other groups are negative control (CMC-Na), positive control (glibenklamid) and normal control. Interventions: The variables specified in this study are variations in the concentration of extract used. variations in extract concentration are expected to affect the results of glucose concentration and blood insulin in rats. Main outcome measure: The main parameters measured in this study were rat blood glucose and insulin levels. Results: The result of this research indicate that the ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura leaves able to reduce blood glucose levels effectively at dose 500 mg/kg (97, 17 mg/dL) so that insulin levels increase well (0,839 µg/mL). Conclusion: Muntingia calabura leaves ethanol extract can reduce glucose levels and increase blood insulin levels in rats.