Currently, the authentication analysis of edible fats and oils is an emerging issue not only by producers but also by food industries, regulators, and consumers. The adulteration of high quality and expensive edible fats and oils as well as food products containing fats and oils with lower ones are typically motivated by economic reasons. Some analytical methods have been used for authentication analysis of food products, but some of them are complex in sampling preparation and involving sophisticated instruments. Therefore, simple and reliable methods are proposed and developed for these authentication purposes. This review highlighted the comprehensive reports on the application of infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for authentication of fats and oils. New findings of this review included (1) FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics, which has been used to authenticate fats and oils; (2) due to as fingerprint analytical tools, FTIR spectra have emerged as the most reported analytical techniques applied for authentication analysis of fats and oils; (3) the use of chemometrics as analytical data treatment is a must to extract the information from FTIR spectra to be understandable data. Next, the combination of FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics must be proposed, developed, and standardized for authentication and assuring the quality of fats and oils.

Esterification of citric acid (CA) with locust bean gum (LBG) was prepared by hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a catalyst and UV irradiation (254 nm) as esterification energy. This study aims to determine the best conditions of esterification. Other than that, it is to know the effect of amount HCl and UV irradiation time for the esterification process of CA with LBG. The amounts of HCl are 0.18 and 0.30 M, while the variations of UV irradiation time are 75 and 100 minutes. Polyester (CA-LBG) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), esterification degree, and viscosity. Parameters for determining the best conditions for esterification are esterification degree and viscosity. The best conditions of esterification were obtained by using 0.30 M mL HCl and 100 minutes of UV irradiation time resulted in CA-LBG having a value of esterification degree 9.69 % and viscosity 7.46 cPs. HCl accelerates protonation on the O atoms and the formation of positive C atoms of carbonyl groups of citric acid. The time of UV irradiation gives the longer energy for the bond formation between the positive C atoms of the carbonyl group and the O atoms of the hydroxyl group at C-6 atoms of mannose and galactose.

Objective: The aim of this study was to use FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics techniques for quantification and classification of candlenut oil (CnO) from oil adulterants, namely sunflower oil (SFO), soybean oil (SyO), and corn oil (CO).Methods: The spectra of all samples were scanned using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) as sampling technique at mid infrared region (4000-650 cm-1). Multivariate calibrations of principle component regression (PCR) and partial least square regression (PLSR) were used for quantitative models to predict the levels of CnO in the binary mixtures with SFO, SyO, and CO.Results: The results showed that CnO in SFO was best quantified using PCR at wavenumbers region of 3100-2800 cm-1. Quantitative analysis of CnO in SyO was carried out using PLSR with normal spectra mode using combined wavenumbers of 1765-1625 and 839-663 cm-1, while CnO in CO was analyzed quantitatively using normal spectra at wavenumbers of 970-857 cm-1. The coefficient of determination (R2) obtained were>0.99 with low values of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). The results of discriminant analysis revealed that authentic CnO can be discriminated from CnO adulterated with SFO, SyO and CO using selected wavenumbers.Conclusion: FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics could be used as rapid and reliable method for authentication of candlenut oil (CnO) adulterated with other oils.

BackgroundMutations in pfdhfr and pfdhps genes have been shown to associate with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. However, pfdhfr, pfdhps genotypes and the correlations to SP treatment outcome in Indonesia has not yet been well analysed.MethodsAfter obtaining informed consent, 61 uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients were recruited in Banjar district, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, from October 2009 to August 2010. They were treated by a single oral dose of SP and its effects on clinical and parasitological status were followed until day 28 after treatment. Occasionally, a thick smear blood film for microscopy observation and blood spot on a filter paper for pfdhfr and pfdhps genotype analysis were collected.ResultsPfdhfr and pfdhps genotypes from 24 P. falciparum-infected patients consisting of adequate clinical parasitological response (ACPR) (n = 6; 25.0%) and early treatment failure (ETF) (n = 10; 41.7%) or late parasitological failure (LPF) (n = 8; 33.3%) were obtained by sequencing. Two novel mutations of pfdhps gene, K540T and I588F, were determined in ten and five isolates, respectively. These mutations were present in the pfdhfr/pfdhps combined haplotypes of ANRNI/SGTGA (n = 6), ANRNL/SGTGA (n = 4), and ANRNI/SGEAA(588F) (n = 5), (mutation codons are bold typed); these haplotypes were mostly belonging to parasitological failure (ETF or LPF). The parasites acquiring five mutations in pfdhfr/pfdhps haplotypes and four mutations with additional I588F did not respond adequately to SP treatment.ConclusionMany of Plasmodium falciparum infected patients in Banjar district, South Kalimantan, Indonesia did not respond adequately to SP treatment and these low ineffectiveness of SP in this area was associated with two novel mutations of pfdhps, K540T and I588F.

Avocado oil (AO) is one of the functional oils having high quality and high in price in the market. This oil shows many benefits for the human health and is applied in many cosmetic products. The authentication of AO become very important due to the possible adulteration of AO with other lower priced oils, such as palm oil (PO) and canola oil (CaO). In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) in combination with chemometrics techniques of partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) is implemented to construct the quantification and classification models of PO and CaO in AO. PLS at the wavenumbers region of 1260-900 cm -1 revealed the best calibration models, having the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.999) and the lowest root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC=0.80%) and comparatively low root mean Downloaded by [New York University] at 16:33 02 July 2015 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 square error of prediction (RMSEP=0.79%), for analysis of AO in the mixture with PO.Meanwhile, the highest R 2 , RMSEC, and RMSEP values obtained for AO in the mixture with CaO at frequency region of 3025-2850 and 1260-900 cm -1 were 0.9995; 0.83%; and 0.64%, respectively.

FTIR spectroscopy is a promising method for quantification of edible oils. Three edible oils, namely, red fruit oil (RFO), corn oil (CO), and soybean oil (SO), in ternary mixture system were quantitatively analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy in combination with partial least square (PLS). FTIR spectra of edible oils in ternary mixture were subjected to several treatments including normal spectra and their derivative. Using PLS calibration, the first derivative FTIR spectra can be exploited for determination of RFO; meanwhile, the second derivative spectra were preferred for determination of CO and SO. The R2 values obtained for the relationship between actual and FTIR predicted values of RFO, CO, and SO were 0.9863, 0.9276, and 0.9693, respectively. The root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) values obtained were 1.59, 1.72, and 1.60% (v/v) for RFO, CO, and SO, respectively. The result showed that FTIR spectroscopy offers accurate and reliable technique for quantitative analysis of RFO, CO, and SO simultaneously in ternary mixture systems. Besides, the developed method can be extended for analysis of CO and SO as adulterants in RFO.

FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLSR and DA can be successfully used for quantification and classification of oil adulterants in RFO. The developed method is rapid and environmentally friendly and sample preparation is easy.

Objective: The goal of this research was to perform authentication of patin (Pangasius micronemus) fish oil (PFO) adulterated with palm oil (PO) using FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics method. Methods: Patin fish oil (PFO) and PFO adulterated with palm oil (PO) were measured using FTIR instrument at wavenumbers region of 4000–650 cm-1. The chemometrics methods, namely multivariate calibration of partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) were used to make calibration and validation models during quantification. Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to make grouping pure PFO and PFO adulterated with PO. Results: The results showed that PLS and PCR could be used to quantify PO as adulterant in PFO, either in calibration or validation models. FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibration offered accurate and precise method for quantitative analysis with R2 value of >0.999 and low RMSEC and RMSEP. DA was capable of grouping PFO and PFO adulterated with PO with an accuracy level of 100%. Conclusion: FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics could be reliable technique for quantification and discrimination of PFO and PFO adulterated with PO.