Mosquito is one of insects spreading the vector of serious diseases to human being through its bite such as Culex which spreads the vector of filariasis and brain inflammatory diseases. Some people have used plants as insecticides traditionally, such as fern (Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.). D. esculentum (Retz.) Sw. popularly known as edible fern which almost all Asian people, especially Indonesian consumed it as vegetable, and some people also used it for medicinal purposes. This study was performed to investigate the secondary metabolites from D. esculentum leaves and its larvicidal activity against Culex. The phytochemical screening was undertaken on the leaves and methanol extract of D. esculentum, the results showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, phenols, and tannins on leaves, while methanol extract exhibited existence of steroids, saponins, phenols and tannins. Investigation of larvicidal activity of methanol extract was carried out against Culex larvaes for various concentrations which observed for 48 hours. Percentage of mortality was analyzed statistically using Bill Test method that showed active larvicidal activity with a LC50 value of 149.279 ppm. This study indicates that fern plant have the potential as larvicidal against Culex and need to perform the further research to develop the new natural insecticides.

Temurui ( Murraya koenigii [Linn.] Spreng) is a local plant of Aceh. The leaves of M. koenigii are used in most of the local foods as spices. Nowadays, cancer is claimed as the second deadly disease in the world where the number of sufferers increases every year. Cervical cancer (HeLa) is one of the most dominant cancers that happen in developing country, including Indonesia. Some chemotherapeutic agents using synthetic drugs have been used to treat cancer, but they are relatively expensive and cause poisoning that limits their use. Based on literatures, M. koenigii serves the potential secondary metabolites that could be developed as anticancer agent. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic activity from three extracts of M. koenigii leaves against HeLa cell line, including hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Methodology used included extraction process, phytochemical screening, and cytotoxicity evaluation. The result showed that all the three extracts demonstrated a potent cytotoxic activity for HeLa cancer cells. Hexane and ethyl acetate showed a very strong cytotoxic effect with CD 50 values <1 μg/mL, whereas methanol extract showed cytotoxic effect with CD 50 value of 2.25 μg/mL. These results prove the potential of M. koenigii as an anticancer agent.

The purpose of this research is to find a lupeol acetate from Artocarpus camansi fruit peel. Ethyl acetate extract of A. camansi fruit peel was obtained by maceration process. After the process of fractionation, it results 3 subfractions (A, B, and C). The subfraction B was rechromatographed and yielded B2 2 pure isolate. Based on data from proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform–infrared, and mass spectrometry (MS from gas chromatography-MS), the B2 2 isolate was suspected as lupeol acetate compound (in this study, the presence of lupeol acetate in the A. camansi fruit peel has been reported for the first time).

Cell damage mediated by free radicals is one of the main causes of many dangerous diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, rheumatism, cataracts, aging, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritis, Parkinson, Alzheimer and neurodegenerative diseases. The prevention of dangerous diseases caused by free radicals can be done by developing raw materials for natural antioxidant drugs that can reduce free radicals by giving one of their electrons to produce neutral molecules that are not harmful to the human body, such as fern (Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.). D. esculentum collected from Aceh was extracted in methanol. The antioxidant activity of this extract was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. The result showed very good activity of the DPPH antiradical efficiency of methanol extract of D. esculentum with IC50 values of 123.958 ppm. Based on phytochemical screening, D. esculentum contained polyphenol compounds that have good activity as antioxidant. This result indicated that D. esculentum has potential as antioxidant and can be applied in the development of new medicines.

Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) banyak ditemukan di dalam hutan hujan tropika yang memiliki sekitar 1.260 spesies. Tumbuhan ini merupakan salah satu objek utama yang penting bagi para ilmuan untuk pengobatan  infeksi dan kanker. Selain itu, daun  ketepeng cina juga mempunyai peranan yang sangat besar dalam bidang kesehatan karena menghasilkan zat-zat kimia yang memiliki kegunaan yang potensial dalam pengobatan hepatitis, ganguan kulit, penyakit kuning, dan eksema. Namun, tumbuhan ini sudah sangat jarang digunakan untuk kehidupan sehari-hari sehingga tanaman ini sering sekali dibasmi oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada daun segar dan daun kering Ketepeng Cina (C. alata L.) yang diambil dari kecamatan Birem Bayeun kabupaten Aceh Timur. Pada daun segar menunjukkan adanya alkaloid, steroid, terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid, fenol dan dan tanin. Sedangkan pada daun kering menunjukkan adanya alkaloid, fenol dan tanin.

Telah dilakukan skrining fitokimia pada daun jeruk lemon. Jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.) merupakan suatu tumbuhan yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat terutama bagian buahnya. Untuk mengetahui kandungan kimianya, maka dilakukanlah uji keberadaan senyawa metabolit sekunder di dalam ekstrak daun jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.). Daun jeruk lemon memiliki kandungan limonen yang dapat digunakan dalam terapi anti kanker. Ekstrak daun jeruk lemon diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode maserasi. Setelah ekstrak kasar daun jeruk lemon diperoleh, maka diuji kandungan senyawa fitokimianya secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan uji fitokimia yang dilakukan maka diketahui bahwa ekstrak daun jeruk lemon positif mengandung golongan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, dan tanin. Referensi : [1]       A. W. Nugroho, “Konservasi Kenekaragaman Hayati Melalui Tanaman Obat Dalam Hutan di Indonesia Dengan Teknologi Farmasi: Potensi dan Tantangan,” J. Sains dan Kesehat., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 377–383, 2017. [2]       P. Setyaningrum, E. D., Kartika, R., Simanjuntak, “Uji Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Daun Akasia (Acacia auriculiformkis Benth),” Pros. Semin. Nas. Kim., pp. 94–96, 2017. [3]       M. Fitrah, “Identifikasi Ekstrak Daun Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata Linn) Terhadap Sel Antiproliferasi Tikus Leukemia L1210,” Jf Fik Uinam, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 99–105, 2016. [4]       H. S. Indriani Y., Mulqie L., “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Air Perasan Buah Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) dan Madu Hutan Terhadap Propionibacterium acne,” Pros. Penelit. Sivitas Akad. Unisba (Kesehatan dan Farm., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 22–30, 2015. [5]       E. Ahmad, F. M. Y., Katja, D. G., Suryanto, “Uji Fitokimia Ekstrak Kulit Batang Chisocheton sp.(C.DC) Harms Yang Tumbuh di Gunung Soputan Sulawesi Utara,” J. Ilm. Farm., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 23–30, 2018. [6]       W. Krisnawan, A. H., Budiono, R., Sari, D. R., Salim, “Potensi Antioksidan Ekstrak Kulit dan Perasan Daging Buah Lemon (Citrus limon) Lokal dan Import,” Pros. Semin. Nas., pp. 30–34, 2017. [7]       P. Suja, D., G. Bupesh, N., Rajendiran, V., Mohan, P., Ramasamy, N. S.,Muthiah, A. A., Elizabeth, K., Meenakumari, K., “Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities of Citrus Limon and Citrus Linensis Peel Extracts,” Int. J. Pharmacogn. Chinese Med., vol. 1, no. 2, p. 000108, 2017. [8]       M. H. Yang, J. S. Wang, J. G. Luo, X. B. Wang, and L. Y. Kong, “Tetranortriterpenoids from Chisocheton paniculatus,” J. Nat. Prod., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 36–43, 2009, doi: 10.1021/np900485t. [9]       Badan POM RI, “Pedoman Teknologi Formulasi Sediaan Berbasis Ekstrak.Volume 2. Jakarta: Direktorat Obat Asli Indonesia, Deputi Bidang Pengawas Obat Tradisional, Kosmetik dan Produk Komplemen,” vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 12–16, 2013. [10]     M. . T. Mayasari, U., Laoli, “Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Skrining Fitokimia Daun Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.),” J. Ilmu Biol. dan Terap., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–13, 2018. [11]     A. Tuhuloula, L. Budiyarti, and E. N. Fitriana, “Karakterisasi Pektin dengan Memanfaatkan Limbah Kulit Pisang Menggunakan Metode Ekstraksi,” Konversi, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21–27, 2013, doi: 10.20527/k.v2i1.123. [12]     H. Halimatussakdiah, U. Amna, and P. Wahyuningsih, “Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Larvicidal Activity of Edible Fern (Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.) Extract against Culex,” J. Nat., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 141–146, 2018, doi: 10.24815/jn.v0i0.11335. [13]    P. J. Puspita, M. Safithri, and N. P. Sugiharti, “Antibacterial Activities of Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) Leaf Extracts,” Curr. Biochem., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–10, 2019, doi: 10.29244/cb.5.3.1-10. [14]     S. Susilawati and N. C. Chotimah, “Difference of Weight Gain in Baby Mother Given Boiled Of Papaya Fruit,” J. Kesehat., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 34–39, 2019, doi: 10.25047/j-kes.v5i1.36. [15]     R. Nugrahani, Y. Andayani, and A. Hakim, “Skrining Fitokimia dari Ekstrak Buah Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L) dalam Sediaan Serbuk,” J. Penelit. Pendidik. IPA, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 96–103, 2016, doi: 10.29303/jppipa.v2i1.38. [16]     M. H. Kemala, D., Hendiani, I., Satari, “Uji Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Manggis (Garciani mangostana L) Terhadap Streptococcus Sanguinis ATCC 10556,” Padjajaran J. Dent. Res. Students, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2019. [17]     M. Syafrida, S. Darmanti, and M. Izzati, “Pengaruh Suhu Pengeringan Terhadap Kadar Air, Kadar Flavonoid dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun dan Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.),” Bioma  Berk. Ilm. Biol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 44–50, 2018, doi: 10.14710/bioma.20.1.44-50. [18]     S. W. Azizah, Z., zulharmita., wati, “Skrining Fitokimia dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Daun Pre (Momordica charantia L.),” J. Farm. Higea, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 163–172, 2018. [19]     N. Hidayah, “Pemanfaatan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman (Tanin dan Saponin) dalam Mengurangi Emisi Metan Ternak Ruminansia,” J. Sain Peternak. Indones., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 89–98, 2016, doi: 10.31186/jspi.id.11.2.89-98. [20]     H. Nurjannati, M., Winarsi, H., dan Dwiyanti, “Efek Lama Perkecambahan Terhadap Sifat Sensori dari Kadar Protein Terlarut Susu Kecambah Kacang Merah (Sukarah) untuk Remaja Obesitas,” J. Gipas, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 27–42, 2018. [21]       Sarifudin, A., Wardatun, S., “Kajian Metode Pengeringan dan Metode Analisis Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Kadar Tanin,” J. Online Mhs. Bid. Farm., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2015. [22]     S. Noer and R. D. Pratiwi, “Uji Kualitatif Fitokimia Daun Ruta Angustifola,” Fakt. Exacta, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 200–206, 2016.

Tumbuhan jambu biji (Psidium guajava L var. pomifera) adalah salah satu tanaman obat-obatan yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat khususnya di Indonesia. Tumbuhan yang termasuk ke dalam famili Myrtaceae tersebut memiliki khasiat sebagai antidiare, antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat dalam daun jambu biji merah (Psidium guajava  L. Var. Pomifera). Berdasarkan pengujian fitokimia yang telah dilakukan, menunjukkan bahwa daun kering positif mengandung senyawa steroid, saponin, fenol, dan tanin. Sedangkan pada daun segar positif mengandung senyawa alkaloid, steroid, saponin, fenol, dan tanin. Referensi : [1]       S. S. H. Aponno V. J., Yamlean Y. V. P., “Uji Efektivitas Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava Linn) terhadap Penyembuhan Luka yang Terinfeksi Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus pada Kelinci (Orytolagus cuniculus),” PHARMACON, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 279–286, 2014, doi: 10.35799/pha.3.2014.5400. [2]       R. Rachmaniar, H. Kartamihardja, and Merry, “Pemanfaatan Buah Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava Linn.) Sebagai Antioksidan Dalam Bentuk Granul Effervescent,” JSTFI Indones. J. Pharm. Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1–20, 2016. [3]       Z. S. Desiyana S. L., Husni A. M., “Uji Efektivitas Sedian Gel Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava Linn) terhadap Penyenmbuhan Luka Terbuka pada Mencit (Mus musculus).,” J. Nat., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 23–32, 2016. [4]       Rabbiyah F., “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava Linn.) terhadap Pengikatan Trombosit pada Pasien Demam Berdarah Dengue,” J. Major., vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 91–96, 2015. [5]       T. Handayani, Witjaksono, and K. U. Nugraheni, “Induksi Tetraploid Pada Tanaman Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) secara In Vitro,” J. Biol. Indones., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 271–278, 2017, doi: 10.47349/jbi/13022017/271. [6]       Y. Tampubolon R. T., “Pengaruh Formulasi Terhadap Sifat Fisik, Kimia, dan Organoleptik Effervescent Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava var. Pomifera).,” J. Pangan dan Agroindustri, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 27–37, 2017. [7]      S. A. Ariyani A. M. D., Santoso I. S., “Analisa Profitalitas Usaha Tani Jambu Biji Getas Merah di Kabupaten Kendal,” Acromedia, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 10–18, 2017. [8]       I. S. W. Atmaja, Ismail Saleh, R. Eviyati, and D. Budirokhman, “Kajian Aplikasi Pupuk Kandang dan Pupuk Npk Terhadap Kualitas dan Mutu Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) Kultivar Getas pada Musim Kemarau,” J. Agrovigor, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 111–117, 2016. [9]       C. Dhyan, S. H. Sumarlan, and B. Susilo, “Pengaruh Pelapisan Lilin Lebah dan Suhu Penyimpanan Terhadap Kualitas Buah Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L.),” J. Bioproses Komod. Trop., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 79–90, 2014. [10]     W. N. Gunawan R., Susanto H. W., “Pengaruh Lama Pemanasan dan Konsentrasi Maizena terhadap Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia dan Organoleptik Lempok Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium Guajava L.),” J. Pangan dan Agroindustri, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2018. [11]     D. N. Maria and E. Zubaidah, “Pembuatan Velva Jambu Biji Merah Probiotik (Lactobacillus Acidophilus) Kajian Persentase Penambahan Sukrosa dan CMC,” J. Pangan dan Agroindustri, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 18–28, 2014. [12]     W. R. Andriani, “Efektivitas Mengkonsumsi Jus Apel Dibandingkan dengan Mengkonsumsi Jus Jambu Biji terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Halitosis,” AcTion Aceh Nutr. J., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 164–171, 2018. [13]     F. Nadifah, S. Fatimah, and L. Susanti, “Pengaruh Infusa Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava Linn.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli Secara In Vitro,” J. Heal., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 65–68, 2015, doi: 10.30590/vol2-no2-p65-68. [14]     I. B. Wicaksono and M. Ulfah, “Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) dan Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.) dengan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrihidrazil),” Inov. Tek. Kim., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 44–48, 2017. [15]     I. Hartati, S. Nurfaizin, Suwardiyono, and L. Kurniasari, “Ekstraksi Gelombang Mikro Terpenoid Daun Surian (Toona sureni Merr),” Inov. Tek. Kim., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 98–103, 2016. [16]     A. U. Mulyanto S., Sumardianto, “Pengaruh Penambahan Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava) terhadap Daya Simpan Ikan Nila Merah (Oreochromis niloticus) pada Suhu Dingin,” J. Pengolah. dan Bioteknol. Has. Perikan., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1–7, 2018. [17]     H. Setiawan, L. B. Utami, and M. Zulfikar, “Serbuk Daun Jambu Biji Memperbaiki Performans Pertumbuhan dan Morfologi Duodenum Ayam Jawa Super,” J. Vet., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 554–562, 2018. [18]     H. Halimatussakdiah, U. Amna, and P. Wahyuningsih, “Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Larvicidal Activity of Edible Fern (Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.) Extract against Culex,” J. Nat., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 141–146, 2018, doi: 10.24815/jn.v0i0.11335. [19]     R. Ningrum, E. Purwanti, and Sukarsono, “Identifikasi Senyawa Alkaloid dari Batang Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) Sebagai Bahan Ajar Biologi Untuk SMA Kelas X,” J. Pendidik. Biol. Indinesia, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 231–236, 2016. [20]     A. R. Nasrudin., Wahyono., Mustofa., Saridarti, “Isolasi Senyawa dari Kulit Akar Sengugun (Elerdenrum serratum L. Moon),” J. Ilm. Farm., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 332–337, 2017. [21]     N. Hidayah, “Pemanfaatan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman (Tanin dan Saponin) dalam Mengurangi Emisi Metan Ternak Ruminansia,” J. Sain Peternak. 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Generally, the foam concrete that designs as the current building wall is without considering the heat absorbent. Therefore, it is necessary to find additional materials that able to absorb the heat energy. One of them is Phase Change Material (PCM). Beef tallow is an organic material of PCM that has a high heat storage capability. Commonly, an aggregate requires in the manufacture of foam concrete as reinforcement materials. This aggregate can be changed with macro-encapsulation of PCM. This study aimed to find the ability of foam concrete based macro-encapsulation of beef tallow/damar gum in absorb heat energy that will be applied in building walls. This research was conducted experimentally with the primary materials of cement, fine sand, water, foam agent, catalyst, sika, and macro-encapsulation of beef tallow/damar gum. This foam concrete wall was made with the dimension of 80 x 80 x 10 cm and varied with a mixture of beef tallow / damar gum of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%, respectively. The wall concrete heater was simulated with using four lamps with the power of 200 watts. The type-K thermocouple was placed on samples at 2 points, inside and on the surface which connected with Agilent 34970A. The results showed that the effect of adding PCM resulted in a decreasing of the temperature inside and on the surface of foam concrete walls. The amount of temperature decrease due to the addition of 5% PCM is from 51.9 °C to 44.7 °Cor decreased by 13.87% inside of foam concrete walls and 75.64 °C to 51.9 °C or down to 21.87% on the surface of foam concrete walls. Overall, this foam concrete based macro-encapsulation of beef tallow/damar gum is better to use as heat-absorbent in building wall application compare with foam concrete wall without using macro-encapsulation of beef tallow/damar gum.