Initial investigation of medicinal plants from Lombok has resulted in the collection of 100 plant species predicted to have antimicrobial, including antimalarial, properties according to local medicinal uses. These plants represent 49 families and 80 genera; 23% of the plants tested positively for alkaloids. Among the plants testing positive, five have been selected for further investigation involving structure elucidation and antimicrobial testing on the extracted alkaloids. Initial work on structural elucidation of some of the alkaloids is reported briefly.
The genus Psychotria is well known as a source of alkaloids and has contributed several novel indole-type alkaloids with quite a broad spectrum of bioactivities. This study was focused on identifying the alkaloids from the leaves of P. malayana Jack from Lombok island on the basis of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) data and the sample preparation followed acid-base extraction. The study showed that the major alkaloid contained by the leaves was hodgkinsine and other minor compounds, namely calycanthine, chimonantine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, and 3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrogamma-carboline. Bioactivities of the compounds were also discussed.
Overall aims of this research was to study the antibacterial activity of Voacanga foetida and then studied the distribution of the alkaloidal lombine produced in the plant, in which the samples were collected from three different regions. The antibacterial activities were assayed using agar well diffusion method. The distribution of the alkaloids in Voacanga foetida, especially lombine was studied on the basis of GC-MS in several temperature programs. The result showed that the leaves and the barks of Voacanga foetida were possessing antibacterial properties. The second result, GC-MS showed that alkaloidal lombine was produced stably in the barks while not in the leaves. The abundance of lombine in the base fraction of the barks was 6.06% (West Lombok), 74.91% (East Lombok), and 2.77% (North Lombok). The outcome will be then used as a platform for further studies investigating total uses of the plant especially in finding new materials for medicine.
Abstrak. Kumbi atau Voacanga foetida (blume) rolfe merupakan tumbuhan dari family Apocynaceae. Pulau Lombok merupakan daerah utama tempat tumbuhnya 'Kumbi' ini. Kumbi memiliki kandungan selulosa yang cukup tinggi. Selulosa merupakan salah satu bahan baku dalam pembuatan bioetanol. Sebelumnya telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pembuatan bioetanol dari buah Kumbi (Voacanga foetida (blume) rolfe) ini dengan kadar 14% dan % rendemen sebesar 14,793%. Hasil yang didapatkan ini sudah cukup tinggi namun belum memenuhi syarat untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku campuran pada bahan bakar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu fermentasi terhadap rendemen bioetanol dari buah kumbi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Rhyzopus oryzae. Metode yang digunakan adalah hidrolisis dengan HCl dan fermentasi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Rhyzopus oryzae. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, bioetanol dari buah kumbi dapat diproduksi melalui proses hidrolisis dan fermentasi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Rhyzopus oryzae dengan variasi suhu fermentasi 28°C, 30°C, 32°C, 34°C, 36°C, 38°C dan 40°C, dan destilasi pada suhu 78 o C, menghasilkan rendemen bioetanol kasar pada suhu optimum 36 °C sebesar 66,02% (w/w) menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae sedangkan dengan rasio yang sama menggunakan Rhyzopus oryzae suhu optimum dicapai pada 32°C, menghasilkan rendemen bioetanol kasar sebesar 88,14% (w/w). Kata kunci: Bioetanol, Buah Kumbi, Hidrolisis, FermentasiAbstract. Kumbi or Voacanga foetida (blume) Rolfe is a plant of the family Apocynaceae. Lombok Island is the main area where the growth of Kumbi. Kumbi has a high cellulose content. Cellulose is a raw material in the manufacture of bioethanol. Research for bioethanol production from fruit Kumbi (Voacanga foetida (blume) Rolfe) generates yield of 14.793%. These results are not yet eligible to be used as raw material in the fuel mixture. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield of bioethanol fermentation of fruit Kumbi using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhyzopus oryzae. The method used is by HCl hydrolysis and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhyzopus oryzae. The results showed that ethanol from Kumbi fruit can be produced by the hydrolysis and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhyzopus oryzae. Fermentation temperature variation used was 28 °C, 30 °C, 32 °C, 34 °C, 36 °C, 38 °C, 40 °C and distilled at a temperature of 78 C. The yield of bioethanol 66.02% (w/w ) obtained using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a temperature of 36 °C while the same ratio used Rhyzopus oryzae produce bioethanol yield of 88.14% (w / w) at a temperature of 32 o C.
The aims of this research are to study the production process and the chemical composition of three traditional Sumbawa oils from Benete Village (BT), Batu Dulang Village (BD), and Hutan Sumbawa (HS). A survey was conducted to learn the production process; and the chemical composition of the Sumbawa oils was determined by fractionation method using three solvents with different polarity (methanol, dichloromethane (DCM) and nhexane), followed by GC-MS analysis of each extract. In general, the three Sumbawa Oils were traditionally produced by mixing various species of medical plants into the coconut oil through heating process. Based on GC-MS analysis, the constituents of the Sumbawa oils are mainly fatty acid, fatty acid ester, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene. Three major identical compounds were identified in all three products with different percentages of abundance namely octadecanoic acid/stearic acid, hexadecanoic acid/palmitic acid, and methyl palmitate. Furthermore, there were other major compounds such as linoleic acid, lycopersene, and dodecanoic acid/lauric acid. The non-natural product compounds found in Sumbawa oil extracts and the biological activities of major compounds are discussed in this article.
Alginate-chitosan based biopolymer for possible application as edible film coating has been studied. Alginate hydrosol and chitosan hydrosol with mass ratio of 1:1 were mixed to form a thin membrane and then dried. The obtained alginate-chitosan membrane was confirmed using FTIR spectrophotometers. Characterization of the membrane, which includes thickness, tensile strength, water vapor sorption, resistance to pH change and antimicrobials properties, were conducted. It was showed that the interaction of alginate and chitosan in the membrane occurred through the electrostatic interaction of the carboxylic group of alginate and ammonium groups of chitosan. At the same thickness, the alginate-chitosan membrane tensile strength was higher and more resistant to pH changes than both native alginate and chitosan membranes. Furthermore, the alginate-chitosan membrane has good antibacterial potential against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). It is expected that the alginate-chitosan membrane has the potential application for safe and efficient fruit coating.
The preparation of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) based on bio-composite materials often requires crosslinking agents to achieve the desired stability and properties of the material formed. PEC with opposite charges has the advantage in self-crosslinking through electrostatic interactions. Chitosan is a positively charged polysaccharide with -NH3 + group while κappa-carrageenan is a negatively charged polysaccharide with -OSO3 − group. This work focused on synthesizing chitosan-carrageenan membrane and determining its characteristics. The membrane was prepared by interacting chitosan and carrageenan hydrosols at a pH of 5. The obtained chitosan-carrageenan membrane had better physical-mechanical properties, including tensile strength (load), elongation (strain), and elasticity (modulus young), adsorption, and resistance of water, than the constituent polymers. The FTIR spectra indicated the presence of self interaction in membrane between protonated amine groups of chitosan and sulfate groups of carrageenan. The difference in surface morphology among chitosan-carrageenan membrane and its constituent membranes was confirmed by SEM analysis.
Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) blend has been synthesized from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), humic acid, and aluminum sulphate octadecahydrate cross-linker. SAP is hydrophilic networks that can absorb and retain huge amount of water within their structures. Humic acid as starting material of polymer, was isolated from subgrade Batujai Dam by using IHSS method. Water Absorption Capacity (WAC) measurement, FTIR analysis, and agitation tests to investigate the cross-linking process and which of Al 3+ and SO 4 2ions causes the crosslinking are carried out. Optimum cross-linking ratio of CMC and cross-linker appeared to be 2wt% corresponded to WAC determination. FTIR spectrum of CMC/humic acid blend and agitation test showed that CMC react with humic acid during polymerization process via Al 3+ ion.
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