ABSTRACT

In the present study, green synthesis and cost effective approach of silver nanoparticles using wild medicinal mushroom Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India is reported. The biosynthesised AgNPs were characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, particle analyser and scanning electron microscopy studies. It was found by dynamic light scattering analysis, that the average size and charges of the AgNPs were 133.0 ± 0.361 nm and -6.01 ± 5.30 mV, respectively. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared study was also conducted to identify the biomolecules or functional groups responsible for the reduction of Ag and stabilisation of the AgNPs. The potential biomedical application with reference to antimicrobial activity of the synthesised AgNPs was investigated against some pathogenic microorganisms viz. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella flexneri.

In the present research program, cost effective and environment friendly gold nanoparticless were synthesized using the onion (Allium cepa) extract as the reducing agent. The nanoparticless were characterized using UV-visble, XRD, and SEM, TEM methods. The absorption peak at 540 nm was found to be broaden with increase in time indicating the polydispersity nature of the nanoparticles. The XRD results suggested that the crystallization of the bio-organic phase occurs on the surface of the gold nanoparticles or vice versa. The broadening of peaks in the XRD patterns was attributed to particle size effects. The internalization of nanoparticles within cells could occur via processes including phagocytosis, fluid-phase endocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis.

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In this investigation, the anticancer potentiality and biological mechanism of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was studied in SUDHL-4 cell line. Metallic AuNPs were prepared and stabilized with ethanol clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract. The green synthesis of AuNPs was characterized and evaluated by UV-Visible Spectroscopic, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and biological activities using various biochemical assays. Green synthesis of AuNPs was confirmed by instrument method. The TEM images show polydisperse, mostly spherical AuNPs particles of 12 -20 nm. AuNPs were decreased the growth and viability of SU-DHL-4 cell line and increased the apoptosis. The treatments of SU-DHL-4 cells with AuNPs resulted in a moderate considerably increase in Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We measured apoptosis by Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) in the existence and nonexistence of the antioxidant N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC), the glutathione-depleting agent buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), or caspase inhibitors to determine the mechanism of cell death. AuNPs are unique potential anticancer agents that cause ROS-dependent apoptosis in SUDHL-4 cell line which was improved by depletion of glutathione (GHS) and inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine on Z-VAD-FMK.

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In this study, the possible mechanisms were investigated with chitosan nanoparticles using sodium tripoly-phosphate and effects on human lymphoma SUDHL-4 in vitro. It was characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, particle Size, zeta potential, SEM & TEM. Different techniques such as cell proliferation, ultra structure changes, DNA fragmentation, phase distribution of cell cycle, MTT assay, MMP, agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA, flow cytometry and electron microscopy were used with treatment of different concentrations of CH-NPs (25, 50, 75, 100 µg/ml) at different time periods. Electron microscopy study revealed that the chitosan nanoparticles showed 78 nm particle size which is a high surface charge as 52 mV. Inhibition of chitosan nanoparticles after 48h treatment was marked in cell proliferation of SUDHL-4 with an IC 50 value of 5 µg/ml. Electron microscopy showed typical necrotic cell morphology after treatment of chitosan nanoparticles. The DNA degradation related with necrosis was determined using agarose electrophoresis and loss of MMP & occurrence of apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Chitosan nanoparticles with low molecular weight (LMW) were comparatively stable in medium containing aqueous and rate of dissolution was slow in acidic medium. Results of this present study clearly provided information that the chitosan nanoparticles effectively inhibit the proliferation of SUDHL-4 through multiple mechanisms in vitro and this novel formulation can open a new avenue against human Lymphoma.

Silver nanoparticles ( AgNPs ) were prepared from the plant extract of N. arbor-tristis under atmospheric conditions through green synthesis and characterized by various physicochemical techniques like UV-Visible spectroscopy, IR Spectra, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the results confirmed the synthesis of homogeneous and stable AgNPs by the plant extracts. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was investigated against most common bacteria found in burn wound Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In these tests, Mueller Hinton agar plates were used with AgNPs of various concentrations, supplemented in liquid systems. P. aeruginosa was inhibited at the low concentration of AgNPs , whereas the growth-inhibitory effect on S. epidermidis was mild. These results suggest that AgNPs can be used as effective growth inhibitors of various microorganisms, making them applicable to diverse medical devices and antimicrobial control systems.