Latar belakang: Kabupaten Jember khususnya Kecamatan Jenggawah merupakan wilayah agraris dengan pekerjaan utama sebagai petani dan hampir separuh penduduknya tidak mempunyai fasilitas jamban untuk buang air besar. Kebiasaan defekasi yang tidak sehat masih banyak dilakukan oleh masyarakat petani, sehingga bisa mencemari sumber air dengan telur dan larva cacing usus yang berakibat terjadinya penularan helminthiasis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya kontaminasi sumber air (air sumur dan sungai) oleh cacing usus, faktor risiko higiene sanitasi dan hubungannya dengan prevalensi helminthiasis pada petani di Kecamatan Jenggawah, Kabupaten Jember.Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Jenggawah yang sebagian besar masyarakatnya adalah petani. Jumlah petani yang bersedia terlibat dalam penelitian adalah 56, sehingga jumlah sampel feses dan air sumur yang diperoleh juga sebanyak 56. Sampel air sungai juga diambil untuk diperiksa. Sampel feses dan air diperiksa menggunakan metode sedimentasi dan flotasi untuk identifikasi telur dan larva cacing usus. Faktor-faktor risiko higiene dan sanitasi sebagai variabel bebas didapatkan dari kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan univariat, bivariat dan multivariat.Hasil: Karakteristik responden menunjukkan sebagian besar adalah laki-laki (53,51%), berusia 18-60 tahun (75%), berpendidikan rendah (53,57%), dan berpenghasilan rendah (71,43%). Sampel air sumur yang terkontaminasi telur dan larva cacing usus sebesar 22,2%, sedangkan sampel air sungai semuanya terkontaminasi. Prevalensi helminthiasis pada petani adalah 7,1%. Jenis cacing usus yang banyak ditemukan adalah Hookworm. Hasil uji bivariate (chi-square) menunjukkan kontaminasi sumber air oleh cacing usus berhubungan dengan prevalensi helminthiasis (ρ<0,05). Faktor risiko sanitasi yaitu jenis sumber air (air sungai atau air tanah) dan faktor risiko higiene kebiasaan mandi,cuci dan kakus (MCK) di sungai berhubungan dengan prevalensi helminthiasis (ρ<0,05).Simpulan: Sumber air yang terkontaminasi oleh telur dan larva cacing usus dan penggunaannya untuk kegiatan MCK dapat menjadi sumber transmisi infeksi helminthiasis pada masyarakat petani. ABSTRACTTitle: Contamination of Water Sources by Intestinal Worms and Sanitary Hygiene as Risk Factors for Helminths Infection in Farmers.Background: Jember Regency, especially Jenggawah Subdistrict, is an agricultural area with the main occupation as farmers and almost half of the population does not have latrine facilities for defecation. Unhealthy defecation habits are still widely practiced by farming communities, so that they can contaminate water sources with eggs and larvae of intestinal worms which result in helminthiasis transmission. This study aims to determine the contamination of water sources (well and river water) by intestinal worms, sanitation hygiene risk factors and their association with the prevalence of helminthiasis in farmers in Jenggawah District, Jember Regency.Method: This research was conducted in Jenggawah District where most of the people are farmers. The number of farmers who were willing to be involved in the study was 56, so the number of faecal and well water samples obtained was also 56. River water samples were also taken for examination. Stool and water samples were examined using sedimentation and flotation methods to identify eggs and larvae of intestinal worms. Hygiene and sanitation risk factors as independent variables were obtained from the questionnaire and analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis.Result: The characteristics of the respondents showed that most of them were male (53.51%), aged 18-60 years (75%), low educated (53.57%), and low income (71.43%). Well water samples were contaminated with eggs and larvae of intestinal worms by 22.2%, while river water samples were all contaminated. The prevalence of helminthiasis is 7.1%. The most common type of intestinal worm is Hookworm. The results of the chi-square test showed that contamination of water sources by intestinal worms was associated with the prevalence of helminthiasis (ρ<0.05). Sanitation risk factors, namely the kind of water sources (river water or ground water) and hygiene risk factors, i.e bathing, washing and latrine activities (MCK) habits in rivers are associated with the prevalence of helminthiasis (ρ<0.05).Conclusion: Water sources contaminated by eggs and larvae of intestinal worms and the habit of bathing, washing and latrine activities (MCK) in the river can be a source of transmission of helminthiasis infection in farming communities.

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The effect of obesity on vascular function is mediated by hormon leptin. Leptin has been proved to increase oxidative stress in endothelial cell. The previous study has proven that leptin caused the endothelial dysfunction as a step of the atherogenesis. Lycopene, an antioxidant, is presumed having the ability to block the atherogenesis mechanism, which is stimulated a proinflamatory cytokine and adhesion molecules by MAPK and transcription factor ET-1. Therefore, the aim of this research was to prove and to determine whether lycopene could decrease the MAPK and ET-1 expression in Human Umbillical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) culture induced by 500 ng/ml leptin. In vitro study used primary culture of the HUVECs were devided in to 7 groups, there were (1) 0 ng/ml leptin and 0 ìM lycopene, (2) induced by 500 ng/ml leptin for 12 hours, (3) induced by leptin and lycopene with concentration 10; 25; 40; 55 and 75 ìM for 12 hours. Then the identification of MAPK was applied by using imunocytochemistry compared with ELISA procedure on cell endothel culture lysate and ET-1 expression was measured by using RT PCR. It was showed that lycopene 10-25 ìM decreased MAPK and ET-1 expression significantly in HUVECs culture induced by leptin 500 ng/ml. Leptin was increased ERK1/2 MAPK and ET-1 expression in HUVECs culture and can decrease by lycopene. Optimum dose of lycopene is 10-25 ìM.

Diazinon is metabolized in liver becomes diazoxon, an active metabolite form that can cause free radical raisingthat leads to lipid peroxidation. The result of lipid peroxidation is MDA. Soyflour has higher isoflavones than theother processed food of Glycine max L.This isoflavones donate its electron and hydrogen atom in lipidperoxidation so it can block the lipid peroxidation. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of soyflour on MDA hepar level increase of male wistar rat induced by diazinon. The sample are divided into 5 groupswhich are Kn, K(-) group induced by diazinon 40mg/kgBW, K1, K2, K3 group given with soy flour 10%, 15%, and20% orally, then induced by diazinon 40 mg/kgBW. MDA liver measured on the day 34th with MDA-TBAmethode which has pink colour and measured by spectrofotometer. Average of liver MDA levels is Kn 6,35μg/mL; K(-) 9,23 μg/mL; K1 8,85 μg/mL; K2 7,88 μg/mL; K3 7,04 μg/mL. One way ANOVA and Post hoc LSDshowed significantly different (p<0,05). Pearson correlation showed strong negative correlation. Keywords: Diazinon, Diazoxon, MDA, Soyflour, Glycine max L., antioxidant

An osteoarthritis is a group of pathologies in joints that include cartilage degradation, bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and synovial inflammation which in turn can cause pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of normal joint function. The increasing prevalence of osteoarthritis is associated with jobs that require physical strength (physically demanding) or heavy work, one of which is agriculture. This is in line with the World Health Organization's statement, farming for 1-9 years increases the risk of osteoarthritis 4.5 times. Besides, farming for 10 years or more increases the risk of osteoarthritis by 9.3 times. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between pesticide use and workload (which includes work attitude, working period, and heavylifting) and the incidence of osteoarthritis in farmers. This study uses a narrative review method on journals of the last 10 years. The results of this study indicate that pesticides are not associated with osteoarthritis, based on studies on osteoarthritis patients that show no difference in serum concentrations of organophosphate, pyrethroid, and nenonicotinoid pesticides and their metabolites. Conversely, work attitude and working period are associated with osteoarthritis in farmers. The work attitude associated with osteoarthritis especially knee osteoarthritis is the squatting and kneeling posture. Meanwhile, the heavylifting did not have a significant relationship with osteoarthritis, especially knee osteoarthritis among farmers. The conclusion of this study is there is no relationship between the use of pesticide and osteoarthritis. However, there is a relationship between work attitudes & working period and osteoarthritis in farmers.

AbstrakPenyakit ginjal kronis stadium V merupakan penyakit yang ditandai dengan laju filtrasi glomerulus yang mencapai <15 ml/menit per 1,73m 2 . Hemodialisis merupakan salah satu terapi penyakit ginjal kronis stadium V tetapi menghabiskan dana terbanyak dibandingkan terapi lainnya. Penggunaan kembali dialyzer diharapkan dapat menurunkan biaya hemodialisis tetapi menggunakan kembali dialyzer dapat mempengaruhi hemodialisis karena terjadi perubahan permeabilitas, penurunan kualitas, serta perbesaran diameter pori-pori membran dialyzer yang menyebabkan hilangnya albumin serum, protein, lemak, dan glukosa. Berdasarkan analisis data yang meliputi pengukuran albumin serum, indeks masa tubuh dan tebal lemak kulit bisep dan trisep, tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dengan nilai signifikansi masing-masing adalah p=0,111 (albumin serum sebelum hemodialisis menggunakan dialyzer baru dan reuse), p=0,017 (albumin serum sesudah hemodialisis menggunakan dialyzer baru dan reuse), p=0,062 (selisih albumin serum sebelum dan sesudah hemodialisis menggunakan dialyzer baru dan reuse), p=0,183 (indeks masa tubuh sesudah hemodialisis menggunakan dialyzer baru dan reuse), p=0,326 (tebal lemak kulit bisep sesudah hemodialisis menggunakan dialyzer baru dan reuse), dan p=0,161 (tebal lemak kulit trisep sesudah hemodialisis menggunakan dialyzer baru dan reuse).Kata kunci: penyakit ginjal kronis stadium V, hemodialisis, albumin serum, indeks masa tubuh, tebal lemak kulit bisep dan trisep, dialyzer reuse Abstract Stage V chronic kidney disease is a kidney disease with a glomerular filtration rate that reaches <15 ml/minute per 1.73m2. Hemodialysis is one of the therapies for stage V chronic kidney disease but spends the most funds compared to other therapies. Reusing the dialyzer can reduce the cost of hemodialysis, but it can affect hemodialysis because of changes in permeability, decreased quality, and enlargement of the diameter of the dialyzer membrane which causes loss of serum albumin, protein, fat, and glucose. Based on the analysis data which included measurement of serum albumin levels, body mass index and biceps and triceps skinfold thickness, there were no significant differences with the significance values respectively p=0.111 (serum albumin level before hemodialysis using new and reuse dialyzer), p=0.017 (serum albumin level after hemodialysis using new and reuse dialyzer), p=0.062 (difference in serum albumin levels before and after hemodialysis using new and reuse dialyzer), p=0.183 (body mass index after hemodialysis using new and reuse dialyzer), p=0.326 and p=0.161 (biceps and triceps skinfold thickness after hemodialysis using new and reuse dialyzer).

AbstrakKwashiorkor adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan protein baik dari segi kualitas maupun kuantitasnya. Kwashiorkor menyebabkan disfungsi pada berbagai sistem organ. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui peranan kedelai dalam meningkatkan kadar RBP serum pada tikus model kwashiorkor. Hepar sebagai organ penting untuk sintesis protein, salah satunya RBP. Hepar sangat rentan terhadap pengaruh kwashiorkor. Metode yang dilakukan adalah tikus diberikan diet rendah protein selama 30 hari kemudian diberikan ekstrak tepung kedelai selama 30 hari selanjutnya dievaluasi kadar RBP serum menggunakan metode ELISA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kedelai dapat meningkatkan kadar RBP pada tikus model kwashiorkor. Kata Kunci: RBP, ekstrak kedelai dan kwashiorkor Abstract Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by a deficiency of protein in terms of

Latar belakang: Deteksi yang cepat untuk menemukan  ruptur aneurisma intrakranial (AI) sangat penting karena ruptur AI menyebabkan  perdarahan subarahnoid (PSA) spontan yang merupakan kegawatan medis dan menyebabkan kematian atau kecacatan berat. Multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA), sebagai alat diagnostik non invasif, telah digunakan secara luas dalam imaging pembuluh darah otak. Tujuan: mengetahui kemampuan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas MDCTA untuk mendeteksi lokasi dan ukuran aneurisma intrakranial. Metode: Studi cross-sectional pada pasien dengan dugaan aneurisma intrakranial yang telah dilakukan pemeriksaan MDCTA dan Digital Substraction Angiography (DSA) dari data rekam medik di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang mulai Oktober 2012 – November 2015. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan consecutive sampling. Dua orang dokter spesialis radiologi yang independen mengevaluasi hasil MDCTA dan DSA untuk menentukan lokasi dan ukuran aneurisma. Analisis statistik menggunakan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas. Hasil: Penderita aneurisma intrakranial terbanyak berusia 40-60 tahun 73,7%, perempuan 78,9% dan 52,6% berukuran 3-7 mm serta 80,5% berlokasi di sirkulasi anterior. Sensitivitas MDCTA dalam mendeteksi aneurisma baik yang berukuran kurang dari 3 mm, 3-7 mm dan lebih dari 7 mm pada penelitian ini adalah 100, 100, 100 %, sedangkan nilai spesifisitas adalah 100, 100 dan 93,3%. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan MDCTA untuk mendiagnosis aneurisma intrakranial mempunyai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas tinggi sehingga dapat menjadi pilihan pertama dalam tehnik imaging. Kata kunci: Aneurisma intrakranial, MDCTA, sensitivitas, spesifisitas