Latar belakang: Kabupaten Jember khususnya Kecamatan Jenggawah merupakan wilayah agraris dengan pekerjaan utama sebagai petani dan hampir separuh penduduknya tidak mempunyai fasilitas jamban untuk buang air besar. Kebiasaan defekasi yang tidak sehat masih banyak dilakukan oleh masyarakat petani, sehingga bisa mencemari sumber air dengan telur dan larva cacing usus yang berakibat terjadinya penularan helminthiasis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya kontaminasi sumber air (air sumur dan sungai) oleh cacing usus, faktor risiko higiene sanitasi dan hubungannya dengan prevalensi helminthiasis pada petani di Kecamatan Jenggawah, Kabupaten Jember.Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Jenggawah yang sebagian besar masyarakatnya adalah petani. Jumlah petani yang bersedia terlibat dalam penelitian adalah 56, sehingga jumlah sampel feses dan air sumur yang diperoleh juga sebanyak 56. Sampel air sungai juga diambil untuk diperiksa. Sampel feses dan air diperiksa menggunakan metode sedimentasi dan flotasi untuk identifikasi telur dan larva cacing usus. Faktor-faktor risiko higiene dan sanitasi sebagai variabel bebas didapatkan dari kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan univariat, bivariat dan multivariat.Hasil: Karakteristik responden menunjukkan sebagian besar adalah laki-laki (53,51%), berusia 18-60 tahun (75%), berpendidikan rendah (53,57%), dan berpenghasilan rendah (71,43%). Sampel air sumur yang terkontaminasi telur dan larva cacing usus sebesar 22,2%, sedangkan sampel air sungai semuanya terkontaminasi. Prevalensi helminthiasis pada petani adalah 7,1%. Jenis cacing usus yang banyak ditemukan adalah Hookworm. Hasil uji bivariate (chi-square) menunjukkan kontaminasi sumber air oleh cacing usus berhubungan dengan prevalensi helminthiasis (ρ<0,05). Faktor risiko sanitasi yaitu jenis sumber air (air sungai atau air tanah) dan faktor risiko higiene kebiasaan mandi,cuci dan kakus (MCK) di sungai berhubungan dengan prevalensi helminthiasis (ρ<0,05).Simpulan: Sumber air yang terkontaminasi oleh telur dan larva cacing usus dan penggunaannya untuk kegiatan MCK dapat menjadi sumber transmisi infeksi helminthiasis pada masyarakat petani. ABSTRACTTitle: Contamination of Water Sources by Intestinal Worms and Sanitary Hygiene as Risk Factors for Helminths Infection in Farmers.Background: Jember Regency, especially Jenggawah Subdistrict, is an agricultural area with the main occupation as farmers and almost half of the population does not have latrine facilities for defecation. Unhealthy defecation habits are still widely practiced by farming communities, so that they can contaminate water sources with eggs and larvae of intestinal worms which result in helminthiasis transmission. This study aims to determine the contamination of water sources (well and river water) by intestinal worms, sanitation hygiene risk factors and their association with the prevalence of helminthiasis in farmers in Jenggawah District, Jember Regency.Method: This research was conducted in Jenggawah District where most of the people are farmers. The number of farmers who were willing to be involved in the study was 56, so the number of faecal and well water samples obtained was also 56. River water samples were also taken for examination. Stool and water samples were examined using sedimentation and flotation methods to identify eggs and larvae of intestinal worms. Hygiene and sanitation risk factors as independent variables were obtained from the questionnaire and analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis.Result: The characteristics of the respondents showed that most of them were male (53.51%), aged 18-60 years (75%), low educated (53.57%), and low income (71.43%). Well water samples were contaminated with eggs and larvae of intestinal worms by 22.2%, while river water samples were all contaminated. The prevalence of helminthiasis is 7.1%. The most common type of intestinal worm is Hookworm. The results of the chi-square test showed that contamination of water sources by intestinal worms was associated with the prevalence of helminthiasis (ρ<0.05). Sanitation risk factors, namely the kind of water sources (river water or ground water) and hygiene risk factors, i.e bathing, washing and latrine activities (MCK) habits in rivers are associated with the prevalence of helminthiasis (ρ<0.05).Conclusion: Water sources contaminated by eggs and larvae of intestinal worms and the habit of bathing, washing and latrine activities (MCK) in the river can be a source of transmission of helminthiasis infection in farming communities.
Diazinon is metabolized in liver becomes diazoxon, an active metabolite form that can cause free radical raisingthat leads to lipid peroxidation. The result of lipid peroxidation is MDA. Soyflour has higher isoflavones than theother processed food of Glycine max L.This isoflavones donate its electron and hydrogen atom in lipidperoxidation so it can block the lipid peroxidation. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of soyflour on MDA hepar level increase of male wistar rat induced by diazinon. The sample are divided into 5 groupswhich are Kn, K(-) group induced by diazinon 40mg/kgBW, K1, K2, K3 group given with soy flour 10%, 15%, and20% orally, then induced by diazinon 40 mg/kgBW. MDA liver measured on the day 34th with MDA-TBAmethode which has pink colour and measured by spectrofotometer. Average of liver MDA levels is Kn 6,35μg/mL; K(-) 9,23 μg/mL; K1 8,85 μg/mL; K2 7,88 μg/mL; K3 7,04 μg/mL. One way ANOVA and Post hoc LSDshowed significantly different (p<0,05). Pearson correlation showed strong negative correlation. Keywords: Diazinon, Diazoxon, MDA, Soyflour, Glycine max L., antioxidant
The effect of obesity on vascular function is mediated by hormon leptin. Leptin has been proved to increase oxidative stress in endothelial cell. The previous study has proven that leptin caused the endothelial dysfunction as a step of the atherogenesis. Lycopene, an antioxidant, is presumed having the ability to block the atherogenesis mechanism, which is stimulated a proinflamatory cytokine and adhesion molecules by MAPK and transcription factor ET-1. Therefore, the aim of this research was to prove and to determine whether lycopene could decrease the MAPK and ET-1 expression in Human Umbillical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) culture induced by 500 ng/ml leptin. In vitro study used primary culture of the HUVECs were devided in to 7 groups, there were (1) 0 ng/ml leptin and 0 ìM lycopene, (2) induced by 500 ng/ml leptin for 12 hours, (3) induced by leptin and lycopene with concentration 10; 25; 40; 55 and 75 ìM for 12 hours. Then the identification of MAPK was applied by using imunocytochemistry compared with ELISA procedure on cell endothel culture lysate and ET-1 expression was measured by using RT PCR. It was showed that lycopene 10-25 ìM decreased MAPK and ET-1 expression significantly in HUVECs culture induced by leptin 500 ng/ml. Leptin was increased ERK1/2 MAPK and ET-1 expression in HUVECs culture and can decrease by lycopene. Optimum dose of lycopene is 10-25 ìM.
An osteoarthritis is a group of pathologies in joints that include cartilage degradation, bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and synovial inflammation which in turn can cause pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of normal joint function. The increasing prevalence of osteoarthritis is associated with jobs that require physical strength (physically demanding) or heavy work, one of which is agriculture. This is in line with the World Health Organization's statement, farming for 1-9 years increases the risk of osteoarthritis 4.5 times. Besides, farming for 10 years or more increases the risk of osteoarthritis by 9.3 times. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between pesticide use and workload (which includes work attitude, working period, and heavylifting) and the incidence of osteoarthritis in farmers. This study uses a narrative review method on journals of the last 10 years. The results of this study indicate that pesticides are not associated with osteoarthritis, based on studies on osteoarthritis patients that show no difference in serum concentrations of organophosphate, pyrethroid, and nenonicotinoid pesticides and their metabolites. Conversely, work attitude and working period are associated with osteoarthritis in farmers. The work attitude associated with osteoarthritis especially knee osteoarthritis is the squatting and kneeling posture. Meanwhile, the heavylifting did not have a significant relationship with osteoarthritis, especially knee osteoarthritis among farmers. The conclusion of this study is there is no relationship between the use of pesticide and osteoarthritis. However, there is a relationship between work attitudes & working period and osteoarthritis in farmers.
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