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Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic generalized disorder due to insulin insufficiency or resistance. Skeletal muscles represent one of the most important target organs that is affected by insulin signaling. The aim of the current work was to investigate the effect of metformin versus vitamin D (and also simultaneous administration) therapy in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats on the state of the muscle and insulin sensitivity. Thirty six male rats constituted the animal model and have been divided into five groups: control, Diabetic, Diabetic + Metformin, Diabetic + Vitamin D, Diabetic + Metformin + Vitamin D. Blood samples were taken for biochemical measurements of serum calcium, interleukin-6 (IL-6), Triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, and calculation of HOMA-IR, and then rats were sacrificed, dissected for removal of gastrocnemius muscle that is used for both biochemical, histopathological and electron microscopy examination. Oral administration of vitamin D alone or in combination with metformin improved insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles, and sustained the metabolic complications along with muscle atrophy and inflammation in T2D rats. We demonstrated super-beneficial action on insulin resistance of additional vitamin D therapy in T2DM rats that were insufficiently controlled by metformin alone.

Purpose Cisplatin, one of the most effective anticancer drugs, is known to cause undesirable adverse effects, including immunotoxicity. Echinacea purpurea is an important medicinal plant with immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. We have investigated the protective effect of an herbal formulation (Immulant) containing E. purpurea extract against cisplatininduced immunotoxicity in rats. Methods Forty mature albino rats were randomized into four groups (10 rats/group). Control (group 1) animals were subjected to intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline solution (0.2 ml) once every 3 days. Group 2 animals received cisplatin (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.) once every 3 days for successive 2 weeks. Group 3 rats received oral Immulant (150 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Group 4 animals received oral Immulant treatment as in group 3 in addition to cisplatin as in group 2. Serum level of total protein and albumin, total and differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity of monocytes, humoral activity and splenic histopathology and immunohistochemistry were used as diagnostic markers of immunotoxicity. Results Cisplatin induced marked inhibition of cellular immunity as exhibited by significant decrease of leukocytic count, lymphocyte percentage and phagocytic activity with marked increase in neutrophil percentage. Humoral immunity represented by marked inhibition in total protein and γ-globulin concentration and significant inhibition in antibody titer against Mycoplasma gallisepticum were recorded. Histopathological and immunohistochemical observation of the spleen of cisplatin-treated rats revealed obvious pathological findings of marked depletion and degeneration of lymphoid tissue. Co-oral administration of Immulant resulted in substantial improvement of various immunotoxicological indices compared to cisplatin control. Conclusion The herbal medicine Immulant is an immunostimulant which could be used to treat the immunotoxic effects of cisplatin.

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Acute restraint stress (ARS) is an unavoidable stress situation and may be encountered in different clinical situations. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum, assess the impact of these effects on the behavior and cognitive function, and determine whether pretreatment with ceftriaxone would attenuate the damages produced by ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum. Four groups of male mice were included in this study: The control group, ARS group, ceftriaxone group, and ARS + ceftriaxone group. Tail suspension test, Y-maze task, and open field tests were used to assess depression, working spatial memory, and anxiety. The biochemical analyses included measurements of serum cortisol, tumor necrotic factor (TNF), interleukin-6, hippocampal expression of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), heat shock protein 90, cerebellar expression of S100 protein, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and carbon anhydrase. Histopathological examination of the brain sections was conducted on the hippocampus and cerebellum by hematoxylin and eosin stains in addition to ultrastructure evaluation using electron microscopy. Our results suggested that ceftriaxone had neuroprotective properties by attenuating the effects of ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum in mice. This effect was demonstrated by the improvement in the cognitive and behavioral tests as well as by the preservation of the hippocampal and cerebellar architecture.

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Background: Cadmium (Cd) is considered a health hazard due to its industrial use. Lungs and kidneys are the primary organs affected by its toxicity. Inflammatory response in lung tissue is mediated by Cd exposure until it becomes dysfunctional. Cd damages DNA indirectly by increasing reactive oxygen species generation, which interacts with DNA defense system leading to genomic instability. Curcumin (C) has multiple health benefits, as well as its Nano-formulation, Nano-curcumin (NC), which has potential to increase biological and pharmacological actions of curcumin. Aim: To focus on Cd-mediated inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in lung tissue of adult male albino rat and use NC as a potential therapeutic agent. Methods and methods: Thirty adult albino male rats were split into three groups, each with ten rats: control (group I), Cd treated (group II), and Cd+NC treated (group III). Rats were sacrificed and lungs were extracted for light microscopic and ultra-structural examination. IL-6 and TNF-α concentration were estimated and lung cellular survival genes; Bax and Bcl2 expression was evaluated by PCR. Results: Alveolar damage with loss of normal lung architecture were seen in H&E-stained sections of group II confirmed by ultrastructural investigation revealing cellular cytoplasmic vacuolations with degenerated mitochondria. In group II, IL-6, TNF-α and Bax gene were increased, whereas Bcl2 gene was decreased with increased Bax/Bcl-2 genes ratio expression. NC treated group showed cellular restoration, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased Bax/Bcl-2 genes ratio expression. Conclusions: NC can be taken as a medicinal supplement to ease Cd poisoning risk in lungs.