Hippocampal and Cerebellar Changes in Acute Restraint Stress and the Impact of Pretreatment with Ceftriaxone

Abstract

Acute restraint stress (ARS) is an unavoidable stress situation and may be encountered in different clinical situations. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum, assess the impact of these effects on the behavior and cognitive function, and determine whether pretreatment with ceftriaxone would attenuate the damages produced by ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum. Four groups of male mice were included in this study: The control group, ARS group, ceftriaxone group, and ARS + ceftriaxone group. Tail suspension test, Y-maze task, and open field tests were used to assess depression, working spatial memory, and anxiety. The biochemical analyses included measurements of serum cortisol, tumor necrotic factor (TNF), interleukin-6, hippocampal expression of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), heat shock protein 90, cerebellar expression of S100 protein, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and carbon anhydrase. Histopathological examination of the brain sections was conducted on the hippocampus and cerebellum by hematoxylin and eosin stains in addition to ultrastructure evaluation using electron microscopy. Our results suggested that ceftriaxone had neuroprotective properties by attenuating the effects of ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum in mice. This effect was demonstrated by the improvement in the cognitive and behavioral tests as well as by the preservation of the hippocampal and cerebellar architecture.

Depression in Sub-Saharan Africa

“… BEHAVIOURAL TEST SSA COUNTRIES WITH PROVEN CAPACITY REFERENCES Forced swim test Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa ( Ngoupaye et al, 2013 , Hailu and Engidawork, 2014 ; El zahaf, N. A. and Elhwuegi, A. S, 2014 ); ( Fekadu, 2014 ); ( Merzoug et al, 2014 ); ( Ngoupaye, 2014a , Ngoupaye, 2014b ); ( Kukuia, 2015 ); ( Bikomo et al, 2017 ); ( El Brouzi et al, 2020 ); ( El-Marasy et al, 2021 ) Tail suspension test Cameroon, Ghana, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa ( Hailu and Engidawork 2014 ; Ngoupaye, 2014b ; Kukuia et al, 2015 ; Akinpelu et al, 2017 ; Ben-Azu et al, 2018 ; Amaghnouje et al, 2020 ; Amin et al, 2020 ) Sucrose consumption preference test Algeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, ( Biney, 2016 , Dallé et al, 2017 ) Open field test Algeria, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe ( Manning-SayI and Leonard, 1989 , Sherif and Oreland, 1995 , Pedersen, 2008 , Okoli, 2010 , Ngoupaye et al, 2013 , Hailu and Engidawork, 2014 Merzoug et al, 2014 ; Mesfin et al, 2014 ; Ngoupaye, 2014b ; Amoateng et al, 2017 ; Bikomo et al, 2017 ; Omotoso et al, 2018 ; Miguel et al, 2019 ; Amin et al, 2020 ; El Brouzi et al, 2020 ; S...…”

The Associations of Serum Osteocalcin and Cortisol Levels With the Psychological Performance in Primary Hyperparathyroidism Patients

“…It was also reported that amygdala volume was negatively and significantly correlated with scores of STAI-S and BDI in CS (29). Other findings in active CS patients revealed smaller volumes in comparison to healthy controls in gray matter of the medial frontal gyrus (32), cerebellar cortex, and gray matter volumes (33), which was observed in depression models (34). Besides, higher serum cortisol at bedtime could reflect a flatter diurnal slope (35,36), which was associated with an impaired psychological manifestation (37).…”

Dexmedetomidine facilitates the expression of nNOS in the hippocampus to alleviate surgery‑induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in aged rats

“…According to previous reports, there is a close association between neuro-inflammation and cognitive dysfunction caused by surgery ( 23-25 ). In the present study, cognitive function was assessed using two methods: The OFT, which has been used to detect the locomotor activity of rats ( 26 ); and the MWM test, which is a classical method to evaluate spatial learning and memory ( 27 ). The results of the present study demonstrated that surgery had no effect on the locomotor activity of rats.…”