Background-Fishing involves millions of people throughout the world and is considered a pleasant and harmless sport. However, many kinds of injury can occur. Penetrating injuries to the extremities by fishing equipment such as hooks and harpoons, and even by scales, or infection from penetration of scales etc are relatively common although hardly ever reported in the literature. Methods-Illustrative cases of penetrating fishing injuries are presented and discussed, with suggestions for the recommended management of these types of injury. Results-Most of these objects are designed to catch and hold resisting fish, so are usually sharp and narrow in the front and wider in the rear with or without spurs. Because of their very irregular shape, simple extraction by pulling is not recommended, because further damage may occur. Conclusions-The use of the appropriate imaging modalities, a full knowledge of the contours of the object, and careful preplanning of the method of treatment are very important. (Br J Sports Med 2000;34:459-462) Keywords: fishing; penetration injuries; extraction; imaging modalities There are two main aspects of fishing related injuries. One is the "mechanical" aspect, caused by penetrating foreign bodies; this is discussed in this paper. The other is infection. Although fishing injury related infections are quite common and usually trivial, they can cause severe damage 1 2 and even death. 3 This paper deals mainly with the "mechanical" nature of the injuries; discussions on infections deriving from them can be found in the appropriate literature.Injuries caused by penetration of foreign bodies such as hooks, harpoons, special fishing knives, and even scales are relatively common in fishing, both professional and amateur. [4][5][6][7][8] Most of these objects are designed to catch and hold resisting fish and are therefore usually sharp and narrow in the front and wider in the rear with or without spurs. Because of their very irregular shape, simple extraction by pulling is not recommended, because further damage may occur. We present illustrative cases of such injuries from a group of patients treated during 1995-1997, and also suggest an appropriate clinical approach. During 1995During -1997, 300 patients with penetrating injuries were treated in our emergency department. The causes of the injuries were as follows: 169 were due to work accidents, 53 to road accidents, 45 to domestic accidents, and 33 to fishing. Of the patients with fishing related injuries, 24 were men. Their ages ranged from 7 to 81: 13 were in the 6-20 year age group, 15 in the 20-40 year age group, and five were older than 40. The injuries were mostly located in the extremities but also in the trunk. They were mainly inflicted by hooks of various size, but two were caused by harpoons and one by small scales. Materials and methodsAll patients were treated under local anaesthesia in the emergency room, except one who needed treatment under general anaesthesia in the operating theatre.All patients received antibiot...

Acute restraint stress (ARS) is an unavoidable stress situation and may be encountered in different clinical situations. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum, assess the impact of these effects on the behavior and cognitive function, and determine whether pretreatment with ceftriaxone would attenuate the damages produced by ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum. Four groups of male mice were included in this study: The control group, ARS group, ceftriaxone group, and ARS + ceftriaxone group. Tail suspension test, Y-maze task, and open field tests were used to assess depression, working spatial memory, and anxiety. The biochemical analyses included measurements of serum cortisol, tumor necrotic factor (TNF), interleukin-6, hippocampal expression of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), heat shock protein 90, cerebellar expression of S100 protein, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and carbon anhydrase. Histopathological examination of the brain sections was conducted on the hippocampus and cerebellum by hematoxylin and eosin stains in addition to ultrastructure evaluation using electron microscopy. Our results suggested that ceftriaxone had neuroprotective properties by attenuating the effects of ARS on the hippocampus and cerebellum in mice. This effect was demonstrated by the improvement in the cognitive and behavioral tests as well as by the preservation of the hippocampal and cerebellar architecture.

Due to the emerging demands on shifting focus towards the development of more student-centered and engaging learning experiences, this systematic review elucidates the effectiveness of PeerWise introduction into the blended learning model in Physiology education based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty electronic databases were utilized to access related studies between years 2010 to April 2020. A total of eight recent articles on PeerWise in physiology were analyzed. Three studies were conducted among medical students, and five studies were among other courses (i.e., Pharmacy, Biomedical Science, Optometry, and Human Physiology). Majority of the study designs were of cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative studies. Data extracted from the articles include (i) the pattern of PeerWise usage, (ii) the association between PeerWise and academic achievement, (iii) the level of student engagement, (iv) the quality of questions created and (v) students’ perceptions. Four emerging themes were identified among students' perceptions; (i) learning competency, (ii) fun learning experience, (iii) engagement with peers, and (iv) motivation. Methodological quality and risk of biased were assessed; and research gaps, limitations and recommendations were addressed. The present review serves as a guide for new authors to refine their knowledge and improve future research in the topic area.

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