Part 1 of the review "Back to the Future" examines the historical evolution of the medico-legal autopsy and microscopy techniques, from Ancient Civilization to the Post-Genomic Era. In the section focusing on "The Past", the study of historical sources concerning the origins and development of the medico-legal autopsy, from the Bronze Age until the Middle Ages, shows how, as early as 2000 BC, the performance of autopsies for medico-legal purposes was a known and widespread practice in some ancient civilizations in Egypt, the Far East and later in Europe. In the section focusing on "The Present", the improvement of autopsy techniques by Friedrich Albert Zenker and Rudolf Virchow and the contemporary development of optical microscopy techniques for forensic purposes during the 19th and 20th centuries are reported, emphasizing, the regulation of medico-legal autopsies in diverse nations around the world and the publication of international guidelines or best practices elaborated by International Scientific Societies. Finally, in "The Future" section, innovative robotized and advanced microscopy systems and techniques, including their possible use in the bio-medicolegal field, are reported, which should lead to the improvement and standardization of the autopsy methodology, thereby achieving a more precise identification of natural and traumatic pathologies.

Compensation for personal damage, defined as any pecuniary or non-pecuniary loss causally related to a personal injury under civil-tort law, is strictly based on the local jurisdiction and therefore varies significantly across the world. This manuscript presents the first "International Guidelines on Medico-Legal Methods of Ascertainment and Criteria of Evaluation of Personal Injury and Damage under Civil-Tort Law". This consensus document, which includes a step-by-step illustrated explanation of flow charts articulated in eight sequential steps and a comprehensive description of the ascertainment methodology and the criteria of evaluation, has been developed by an International Working Group composed of juridical and medico-legal experts and adopted as Guidelines by the International Academy of Legal Medicine (IALM).

Forensic identification using new anthropological standards were developed to be applied to a specific population. Bone Computed Tomography (CT) reconstruction images have been reported in this forensic field. This study aimed to assess the sexual dimorphism by measuring the upper end plate width of fifth lumbar vertebra as well as anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, perimeter, area of the first sacral vertebra and width of sacral ala using abdominal computed tomography in 200 adult Egyptians. All measurements showed significant difference in sex identification except the width of sacral ala.

Part 2 of the review "Back to the Future" is dedicated to the evolutionary role of the bio-medicolegal sciences, reporting the historical profiles, the state of the art, and prospects for future development of the main related techniques and methods of the ancillary disciplines that have risen to the role of "autonomous" sciences, namely, Genetics and Genomics, Toxicology, Radiology, and Imaging, involved in historic synergy in the "post-mortem assessment," together with the mother discipline Legal Medicine, by way of its primary fundament, universally denominated as Forensic Pathology. The evolution of the scientific research and the increased accuracy of the various disciplines will be oriented towards the elaboration of an "algorithm," able to weigh the value of "evidence" placed at the disposal of the "justice system" as real truth and proof.

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Lip-print study (cheiloscopy) is a reliable biometric technology and considered as a unique parameter for identification. The aim of this study was to determine lip print patterns among sample of Egyptians population and evaluate their association with gender, ABO blood groups.A total of participants was 1000 (640 females & 360 males) their ages ranged from (12 to 75 years), 15 identical twins and 34 families, were included in the study. Lip print was recorded by usage of Red or brown lip sticks, white copy papers and tissue paper, the obtained prints were first examined by magnifying hand lenses and later analyzed and interpreted. Blood groups were recorded from persons aware of their blood groups after reviewing of official documents if available. The results of this study revealed hat there was no identically similar lip-print pattern appeared in two subjects even t among the same families and between identical twins. Groove type A (complete vertical) was the highest recorded pattern in both males 47.9% and females 49.7%. It was predominantly observed in the lower middle area, followed by groove type C (complete bifurcation) which represented 43.8 % (UL) area in males & 45.4 % (LR) area in females. The present Study proved that no correlation was found between lip print characteristics, blood groups and gender. In conclusion, lip prints are unique for every individual even in between the family and identical twins. Hence, Lip prints play a vital role as a supplementary tool in personal identification of suspects or unknown identity