Female genital mutilation (FGM): Is it still an existing problem in Egypt?

Elbendary, Reham Nafad; Shokry, Dina A.; Deeb, Wessam S.; Morsi, Enas

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110574

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…21 The odds ratio of 3.71 (1.66-8.31) for women with a primary or no formal education in our study is similar to the odds ratio of 3.68 (2.05-6.61) recorded for women with primary education (when compared to women with higher education) in Iran, 2016. 32 Findings from this study also agree with a similar association between FGM and education in Nigeria by Okeke et al 1,2,19 They argued that the more educated, more informed, and more active socially and economically a woman is, the more she can appreciate and understand the effects of harmful practices like FGM and sees it as unnecessary procedure and refuses to subject her daughter to such procedure. 1 Also, a women's rising level of education may not be connected with the ability to comprehend the often "complex" message against the practice of FGM.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…7 Several factors are associated with FGM practices, including education, religion, culture, and mother's experience of FGM. 2,8 The most important factor related to a daughter's circumcision is her mother's experience and level of education. Ogbu's study confirmed that FGM is deeply rooted in religion, culture, and tradition in Nigeria and suggested that for this practice to be reduced, the government should enforce laws that will deter the perpetrators of this practice.…”

Section: Background Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 1 The dominance of its practice is mainly in many low and middle-income countries (LMICs) of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. 2 In Ethiopia, FGM is commonly performed, and it is a significant contributor to the country’s high maternal death rate. This practice is regarded as a major national public health issue since it impacts the physical and mental health of more than half of Ethiopia’s population, which in turn also impacts the country’s socio-economic development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations in the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation Among Reproductive-aged Women in Nigeria Across Three Generations

Anyanwu¹,

Torpey

Abiodun³

et al. 2022

Int J MCH AIDS

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Background and Objective: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is widespread mainly in low and middle-income countries. Nigeria is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of FGM, accounting for about one of every four cases globally. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of FGM amongthree generations in Abuja, the federal capital city of Nigeria. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) within two area councils of Abuja (Bwari and Abuja Municipal) and Nyanya suburban district adjoining the federal capital territory in Nigeria. The respondents are pregnant women attending antenatal care at four selected health facilities. Data were collected using Google Forms and were analyzed with SPSS for Windows version 25. Results: This study comprised data from 634 females (who had an average age of 33±6.0 years) from four major healthcare facilities in Abuja. The most common age group was 30 – 34 years (29.2%). The prevalence of FGM in the first generation (37.7%) was significantly higher than in the second (28.5%) and the third generations (8.7%) (p<0.01). The prevalence of FGM in the second generation was also significantly higher than in the third (p<0.01). The predictors of women circumcising their daughters include primary/no-education AOR 1.48 (95% CI: 0.41-5.31; p<0.05), being a traditionalist 4.94 (95% CI: 0.29-84.56; p<0.05), or Muslim 2.27 (95% CI: 0.94-5.49; p<0.05), respondent’s mother being circumcised 1.69 (95% CI: 0.26-10.85, p<0.05) or mother’s circumcision unknown 5.41 (95% CI: 0.78-37.34; p<0.05), respondents being circumcised 54.71 (95% CI: 0.78-37.34; p<0.001), culture 2.48 (95% CI: 1.00-6.19; p<0.05), and ignorance of adverse psycho-social/emotional effects of FGM 4.39 (95% CI: 1.46-13.17; p<0.05). Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Although there is a decline in FGM prevalence from the first generation to the third generation in Nigeria, the current prevalence of 8.7% remains a public health concern. Nigerian women’s ongoing experience of FGM requires both individual and stakeholders’ involvement to eradicate health-related problems such as tissue damage, infection, scarring, infertility, and pains during sexual intercourse, urination, and menstruation. Copyright © 2022 Anyanwu et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Background Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Variations in the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation Among Reproductive-aged Women in Nigeria Across Three Generations

Anyanwu¹,

Torpey

Abiodun³

et al. 2022

Int J MCH AIDS

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“…Twenty-four studies reported on FGM/C types. In 9 studies, Type I was most common [ 81 , 85 – 92 ], Type II was most common in 5 studies [ 93 – 97 ], Type III in 3 studies [ 98 – 100 ], and Type IV in 3 studies [ 84 , 101 , 102 ] (Table C in S2 Appendix ). Among these studies, age at FGM/C and who performed the FGM/C is reported in Table D in S2 Appendix .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies

et al. 2022

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Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a nonmedical procedure entailing the modification of the external female genitalia. A description of the prevalence and distribution of FGM/C allows the tracking of progress toward ending FGM/C by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal (SDG): target 5.3). This systematic review aimed to examine FGM/C prevalence and types, by World Health Organization (WHO) region and country. Methods and findings A systematic search using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords from 2009 to March 24, 2022 was undertaken in MEDLINE, PubMED, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Embase to identify studies presenting FGM/C prevalence. Abstract and full-text screening, quality assessment, and data extraction were undertaken by 2 reviewers. Only nationally representative studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled FGM/C prevalence was estimated by random-effects meta-analysis using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). FGM/C prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), prediction intervals (PIs), and FGM/C type were presented separately by women aged 15 to 49 years and girls aged 0 to 14 years. A total of 163 studies met the inclusion criteria and 30 were included in the meta-analysis, of which 23 were from the WHO African Region (AFR), 6 from the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), and 1 from the South East Asian Region (SEAR). These studies included data from 406,068 women across 30 countries and 296,267 girls across 25 countries; the pooled prevalence estimate of FGM/C among women aged 15 to 49 years was 36.9% (95% CI: 19.6% to 58.3%; PI: 0.4% to 99.0%), and 8.27% (95% CI: 3.7% to 17.3%; PI: 0.1% to 89.3%) among girls aged 0 to 14 years. Among included countries, this gave a total estimated prevalence of 84,650,032 women (95% CI: 45,009,041 to 133,834,224) and 13,734,845 girls with FGM/C (95% CI: 6,211,405 to 28,731,901). Somalia had the highest FGM/C prevalence among women (99.2%), and Mali had the highest among girls (72.7%). The most common type of FGM/C among women was “flesh removed” (Type I or II) in 19 countries. Among girls, “not sewn closed” (Type I, II, or IV) and “flesh removed” (Type I or II) were the most common types in 8 countries, respectively. Among repeated nationally representative studies, FGM/C decreased for both women and girls in 26 countries. The main limitation of the study methodology is that estimates were based on available published data, which may not reflect the actual global prevalence of FGM/C. Conclusions In this study, we observed large variation in FGM/C prevalence between countries, and the prevalence appears to be declining in many countries, which is encouraging as it minimizes physical and physiological harm for a future generation of women. This prevalence estimate is lower than the actual global prevalence of FGM/C due to data gaps, noncomparable denominators, and unavailable surveys. Yet, considerable policy and community-level interventions are required in many countries to meet the SDG target 5.3. Trial registration Registration: CRD42020186937.

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“…The practice of FGM is a health and social problem that reveals deep-rooted inequality between the sexes, harmfully affecting women, but also it reveals differences between and within countries. Various social reasons maintain the practice such as signal of chastity and fidelity in well-stratified polygynous societies [ 7 , 8 ], increasing daughter’s value for marriageability and attracting wealthy husbands [ 2 , 8 , 9 ], and the social value of the practice as a baptism [ 7 , 9 , 10 ]. Many public health interventions have been established to eliminate the practice [ 11 ], such as legislation to criminalize the practice or anti-FGM campaigns or education, but eradication is hindered by political commitment and continuous investment to eliminate the practice [ 4 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female genital mutilation: trends, economic burden of delay and basis for public health interventions

Cordova-Pozo,

Abdalla,

Moller

2024

Int J Equity Health

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Background The practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) is a health and social problem. Millions of girls and women have undergone FGM or will soon, and more information is needed to effectively reduce the practice. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the FGM trendlines, the inequality of its prevalence, and the economic burden. The findings shed light on 30-year trends and the impact of the pandemic on planned efforts to reduce FGM which helps with public health interventions. Methods Temporal trend analysis, and graphical analysis were used to assess the change and inequality over the last 30 years. We included 27 countries in which FGM is prevalent. We calculated the extra economic burden of delayed interventions to reduce FGM like COVID-19. Results For the 27 countries analyzed for temporal trendlines, 13 countries showed no change over time while 14 had decreasing trends. Among the 14, nine countries, Uganda, Togo, Ghana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Chad, and Ethiopia had high year-decrease (CAGR − 1.01 and − 10.26) while five, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Djibouti, and Mali had low year-decrease (CAGR>-1 and < 0). Among these five are the highest FGM prevalence similar distribution regardless the wealth quintiles or residence. There is an economic burden of delay or non-decline of FGM that could be averted. Conclusion Findings indicate that some countries show a declining trend over time while others not. It can be observed that there is heterogeneity and homogeneity in the FGM prevalence within and between countries which may indicate inequality that deserves further investigation. There is considerable economic burden due to delays in the implementation of interventions to reduce or eliminate FGM. These insights can help in the preparation of public health interventions.

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Female genital mutilation (FGM): Is it still an existing problem in Egypt?

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Variations in the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation Among Reproductive-aged Women in Nigeria Across Three Generations

Variations in the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation Among Reproductive-aged Women in Nigeria Across Three Generations

The global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies

Female genital mutilation: trends, economic burden of delay and basis for public health interventions

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