Colloidal
quantum dot (CQD) solar cells have benefited from rapidly
rising single-junction efficiencies in recent years and have shown
promise in multijunction and color-tuned applications. However, within
the context of next-generation solar cells, CQD photovoltaics still
have an efficiency deficit compared to mature technologies. Here,
we use one-dimensional optoelectronic solar cell simulations to show
that much of this efficiency deficit in the highest-performing PbS
CQD solar cells can be attributed to the hole transport layer (HTL).
We find that increasing both the doping density and, counterintuitively,
the electron mobility in this layer should have the largest impact
on performance, attributed to the nontrivial role that the HTL plays
in photon absorption. We use stoichiometry control through sulfur
infusion of the standard CQD HTL materials to improve the carrier
mobilities and doping density. This work resulted in a clear performance
improvement, to 10.4% power conversion efficiency in the best device.
In this study, Silver sintering material is being evaluated on different metal surfaces for high temperature storage and high temperature plus high pressure test up to 300 o C/30kpsi. Three different type of Alumina based ceramic substrates (gold, silver and copper metal finishes) are used as test vehicle in this evaluation. Die attach material and process quality has been evaluated in terms of die shear strength before and after high temperature storage for gold and silver surfaces, further study is the evaluation for the combined test with high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) for plasma treated metal surfaces (silver, gold and copper) and failure mode analysis. Silver-filled epoxy and high temperature epoxy materials are also used as references to make comparison with sintered materials at high temperature storage. After high temperature (300 o C) storage test for 500 hours, shear strength of silver surface samples is increased from average shear strength of 17.96N/mm 2 to 25.97N/mm 2 . However, shear strength of gold surface finished (ENEPIG) samples are decreased drastically from average shear strength of 14.78N/mm 2 to 0.30N/mm 2 . A porous layer is observed at the interfaces near the dense Au/Ag alloy between Ni/Pd/Au finished surface and Ag sintering layer where the interfacial failure mode is happened. High temperature (300 o C) and high pressure (30kpsi) storage test samples for 500 hours shows relatively higher shear strength for both silver surface and ENEPIG surface while degradation happened on the bare copper surface. After combined HPHT test (300 o C/30kpsi/500hours), gold layer in ENEPIG surface is diffused into palladium and nickel layers without creating a porous layer near the Au/Ag alloy and the exhibits good shear strength results which is significantly different behavior from the high temperature storage without pressure. SEM and EDX are used to analyze the cross-sectioned layers after HPHT aging tests. Silver sintering on copper surface shows the lowest shear strength among Ag, Au and Cu substrates. Au substrates has an average shear strength of >20N/mm 2 , which is higher than Ag substrate which has an average shear strength of >10.9N/mm 2 .
As oil and gas industries ventured further and deeper into the earth or ocean in search for new reservoirs, the requirements of depth, pressure and temperature are ever expanding. Conventionally, ceramic based hermetic sealed packaging is used for high temperature endurable package. However, for the case of highly pressurized application, the stress on the package is substantial and the hermetically sealed ceramic package cannot survive under a high pressure up to 30kpsi. To overcome this limitation, the authors are proposing to fill high temperature and high pressure endurable protective materials inside of ceramic substrate cavity to absorb the package internal stress caused by the external high pressure loading. The reliability of the package has been successfully demonstrated under combined 30kpsi isostatic pressure and 300°C temperature (HPHT) aging condition for 500 hours as well as thermal cycling condition for 500 cycles.
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