Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki berbagai macam tanaman herbal berkhasiat obat. Salah satu jenis tanaman obat yang sering digunakan untuk pengobatan adalah rimpang kunyit. Rimpang kunyit mengandung senyawa alkaloid, tanin dan flavonoid yang telah terbukti sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara in vitro untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa dan aktivitas ekstrak rimpang kunyit yang dilanjutkan dengan pengujian menggunakan metode Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Penyarian ekstrak rimpang kunyit dilakukan dengan cara sokhletasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi dengan variasi konsentrasi 45%, 55%, 65% dan 75%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak rimpang kunyit 45% merupakan konsentrasi minimum yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S.aureus sebesar 12,5 mm
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogenic microbe that is caused by various diseases in humans and animals. Infectious diseases caused by S. aureus in Asia reached 70% in 2007, while in Indonesia reached 23.5%. The plant provided several bioactive compounds that might function as an antibacterial which inhibits both bacterial growth and damaging the cell system and protein synthesis. Coleus arthropurpureus known contains alkaloids and tannins that supposed to be an antibacterial compound. Tannins have antibacterial activity, in general, the mechanism is to damage the bacterial cell membrane and induce the formation of complex compound bonds to enzymes or microbial substrates. This study aims to analyze the bioactive compounds contained in C. arthropurpureus in qualitative and quantitative which have an antimicrobial function using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the reverse phase C-18 column and screening of antibacterial activity was carried out by disc diffusion method. The results of both qualitative and quantitative analysis by HPLC has obtained the presence of tannin bioactive compounds (1.48 ppm at a retention time of 2.806 minutes) and alkaloids (1.11 ppm at a retention time of 7.015). Moreover, we verified the diameter of inhibition of growth zone against S. aureus at a concentration of 15% extract was 12.80 mm. It was found that the highest percentage of the bioactive compound in C. arthropurpureus is tannin, and that is might an antibacterial agent.
Melinjo (Genus Gnetii gnemonii Folium) merupakan spesies tanaman yang berasal dari semenanjung Malaysia dan Indonesia, diketahui memiliki senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dimanfaatkan dibidang kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini ini adalah untuk menganalisis profil senyawa bioaktif daun melinjo (Gnetii gnemonii Folium) yang memiliki fungsi sebagai antimikroba dengan menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus serta memformulasi gel dari ekstrak daun melinjo. Ekstrak daun melinjo dibuat dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%, 3 hari. Analisis profil senyawa bioaktif daun melinjo menggunakan skrining fitokimia dan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun melinjo yang digunakan interval konsentrasi 50%-80%. Ekstrak dengan konsentrasi optimum diformulasikan dalam bentuk gel dan dilakukan evaluasi mutu fisik sediaan gel meliputi organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji daya lekat dan uji daya sebar selama 28 hari. Hasil analisis menunjukkan senyawa bioaktif daun melinjo meliputi Tanin, Saponin, Alkaloid, Flavonoid, dan Triterpenoid. Ekstrak 80% daun melinjo memberikan efek antibakteri dengan zona hambat terbesar 13,08mm. Gel dari ekstrak daun melinjo 80% memberikan efek antibakteri dengan kategori kuat terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dengan diameter zona hambat sebesar 16,91mm.
Sodium benzoate is an organic preservative chemical compound which use is permitted if the amount is below the maximum threshold. This research aims to validate the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method which will be used to determine sodium benzoate levels in soybean milk in 3 sub-districts in the Tulungagung Regency using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instruments. Before determining the content, the samples were analyzed qualitatively first using the acid-base titration method. The result of this qualitative analysis of the sample will turn pink if it contains sodium benzoate. Then the sodium benzoate wavelength optimization is carried out in the range of 200-400nm, and the optimum wavelength is 226nm. The method validation process is done by using four parameters namely linearity test, accuracy test, precision test, and LOD&LOQ. Based on the validation of the method, the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99563 indicates linear, recovery % is 97.58% in the range of 80-120%, RSD is 0.0454% which is ?2%, LOD is 0.33 ppm, and LOQ of 1.0996 ppm. Based on these results, it can be said that the method used is valid because all parameters meet the specified requirements. Analysis of the determination of levels using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instruments at wavelength 226nm using 5 samples, from the five samples obtained average rate of 90.639±0.0406. Analysis of the rate determination using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instruments at 226nm wavelengths show that sample A has a concentration 92,243±0,039 ppm, sample B is 80,286±0,039 ppm, sample C is 99,04±0,063 ppm, sample D is 101,483±0,025 ppm, and sample E is 80,143±0,038 ppm. The content of sodium benzoate in soybean milk is following the requirements of BPOM RI regulation No.36 of 2013 concerning the maximum limit of food use, the use of sodium benzoate in fruit/vegetable juice products and non-fermented soybean products is 600ppm of food, with ADI 0-5mg/kg body weight.
Rice cracker or known as Krupuk puli is the kind of deep-fried crackers in Indonesia that made of rice seasoned with spices and flavor enhancer. Most Rice cracker sellers that peddle their products in the Ngunut traditional market, so that the sellers have to make or prepare the rice cracker as well as possible to make the cracker can be sold. In this case, most manufacturers add hazardous materials (borax) in the process of making rice crackers. The purpose of this research is to validate the method and to know the borax level of rice crackers sold in the Ngunut traditional market by using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Optimization of borax wavelength in the wavelength range of 500-600 nm. The prepared samples are analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at the maximum wavelength that is 506 nm. The next step, is, validation methods, including linieritas test, accuracy test, precision test, and LOD test & LOQ. The result of this study obtained the optimum wavelength is 506 nm. Based on the validation methods that have been done, obtained the results of inference linearity in the concentration range of 5ppm; 20ppm; 35ppm; 50ppm; 65ppm with a physical value of R2 correlation of 0.993,%recovery by 96.5%, the precision value obtained by 0.375%, and the LOD value of 48.565 ppm amounting and a Loq value of 161.381 ppm. The borax level in sample A amounted to 1,380 ± 1.824 ppm, sample B of 852.1 ± 2.367 ppm, sample C of 1,373 ± 1.824 ppm, and sample D of 185.9 ± 1.788 ppm.
Myrmeleon sp. is typical of insect larva which has been used in Indonesia for diabetes treatment. However, there is no sufficient scientific report explaining the bioactive compounds in this insect. Based on our preliminary research, this insect contained metformin, i.e. one of bioactive compounds for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Therefore, this study is focused on the development of separation technique using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a reverse phase C-18 column with UV detection to identify and quantify metformin in methanol extract of Myrmeleon sp. Several parameters of HPLC method were optimized in accordance with the high resolution of separation and accurate determination of metformin. Satisfied separation was obtained under gradient elution mode using aqueous methanol/water with gradual increase of methanol from 50-90% and the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min with detection wavelength of 233 nm. The method performed total separation for all compounds in less than 11 min. Spiking technique was chosen for metformin identification and quantitation. Metformin in extract Myrmeleon sp. was eluted at the retention time (t R ) of 4.095 min, similarly with the retention time of standard metformin of 4.092 min. The quantity of metformin in Myrmeleon sp. can be simply determined by comparing the additional area of standard metformin and area of metformin from extract Myrmeleon sp. The results confirmed that the methanol extract of Myrmeleon sp. contained the anti-diabetes compound of metformin of 0.58 mg/g Myrmeleon sp. larvae with acceptable coefficient variation of 5.56 %.
Merkuri dalam konsentrasi kecil dapat menyebabkan racun. Hidrokuinon dapat menyebabkan kanker, sehingga dilarang penggunaannya dalam krim pemutih. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu: mengidentifikasi merkuri dan hidrokuinon pada krim pemutih, mengetahui kadar hidrokuinon dalam krim pemutih, dan menentukan validasi metode analisis hidrokuinon pada krim pemutih di Blitar. Metode penelitian, identifikasi keberadaan merkuri dan hidrokuinon pada krim pemutih dilakukan secara kualitatif dan penetapan kadar hidrokuinon secara kuantitatif menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil uji kualitatif pada 12 sampel, ada 8 sampel yang positif mengandung merkuri dan hidrokuinon. Hasil uji kuantitatif dengan menggunakan instrumen Spektrofotometer UV-Vis 12 sampel positif mengandung hidrokuinon dengan kadar P1 0,0735 ppm; P2 0,727 ppm; P3 0,025 ppm; P4 0,021 ppm; P5 0,030 ppm; P6 0,044 ppm; P7 0,131 ppm; P8 1,188 ppm; P9 0,002 ppm; P10 0,840 ppm; P11 0,039 ppm; dan P12 0,030 ppm. Perolehan nilai presisi 0,872 %, akurasi 97,5 %, LOD 3,373 ppm dan LOQ 6,704 ppm. Kadar hidrokuinon pada semua sampel <200 ppm sehingga masih ditolerir oleh BPOM.
Escherichia coli is a bacteria that can cause diarrhea. The emergence of diarrhea is caused by a lack of public awareness in maintaining cleanliness, including hand hygiene. Along with the times, people prefer to use hand sanitizers that are more practical, easy to carry, and easy to use. However, most hand sanitizer preparations contain alcohol which has the potential to cause dryness and irritation if used continuously. Therefore, jengkol rind is used which contains flavonoid compounds, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones which have antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizer gel of jengkol fruit peel extract against Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. The research method used was experimental. The jengkol rind samples were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol. The positive control used was a hand sanitizer with chloroxylenol content and the negative control was a gel base without extract. Jengkol rind extract is made into preparations in concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The preparation was tested for physical stability for 28 days including organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, dispersibility, adhesion, protective power, and drying time. The results showed that the preparations with a concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15% jengkol fruit peel extract had an average inhibition zone of 7.00 ± 0.8165 mm, 13.00 ± 0.8165 mm, and 17.25 ± 0.95743 mm. Of the three formulations, the formulation with a concentration of 10% is the most effective concentration because a small concentration already has a strong inhibitory power category. The hand sanitizer gel of jengkol fruit peel extract fulfills the requirements for organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and protection power and is stable in the 28-day storage period, but does not meet the requirements for drying time.
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