Escherichia coli is a bacteria that can cause diarrhea. The emergence of diarrhea is caused by a lack of public awareness in maintaining cleanliness, including hand hygiene. Along with the times, people prefer to use hand sanitizers that are more practical, easy to carry, and easy to use. However, most hand sanitizer preparations contain alcohol which has the potential to cause dryness and irritation if used continuously. Therefore, jengkol rind is used which contains flavonoid compounds, saponins, tannins, and anthraquinones which have antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizer gel of jengkol fruit peel extract against Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. The research method used was experimental. The jengkol rind samples were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol. The positive control used was a hand sanitizer with chloroxylenol content and the negative control was a gel base without extract. Jengkol rind extract is made into preparations in concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The preparation was tested for physical stability for 28 days including organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, dispersibility, adhesion, protective power, and drying time. The results showed that the preparations with a concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15% jengkol fruit peel extract had an average inhibition zone of 7.00 ± 0.8165 mm, 13.00 ± 0.8165 mm, and 17.25 ± 0.95743 mm. Of the three formulations, the formulation with a concentration of 10% is the most effective concentration because a small concentration already has a strong inhibitory power category. The hand sanitizer gel of jengkol fruit peel extract fulfills the requirements for organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and protection power and is stable in the 28-day storage period, but does not meet the requirements for drying time.
The demineralization of tooth enamel, which can be triggered by acidic foods and drinks at pH < 5.5, can initiate dental caries. Yogurt and probiotic supplements are drinks that are often consumed to help digestive function and improve the immune system. However, both drinks have a low pH, thereby, a long time of consumption can trigger the demineralization process. This study aims to evaluate the enamel hardness after applying yogurt and probiotic supplements, which was carried out experimentally in a laboratory with a one-group post-test design. The sample used is 9 human maxillary premolars in each treatment group. The treatment group comprises the test material, such as yogurt and probiotic supplements, as well as one control group with artificial saliva. Dental samples were immersed in the test material for 96 hours, and the enamel hardness level was measured with a Micro Vickers Hardness tester. The T-paired test showed that soaking with yogurt does not significantly affect the hardness of the enamel, as indicated by a p-value of 0.016. However, the effect was significant in probiotic supplements, with p=0.004. The results showed that soaking with yogurt was not significantly different from probiotic supplements in reducing enamel hardness, as evidenced by the Post Hoc (LSD) test (p=0.464). Conclusively, yogurt decreased enamel hardness less than probiotic supplements.
Pendahuluan: Desinfeksi saluran akar dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan bahan irigasi saluran akar pada perawatan endodontik. Selama ini, natrium hipoklorit (NaOCl) menjadi protokol bahan irigasi saluran akar karena bersifat antimikroba. Penggunaan NaOCl memiliki kekurangan karena kurang adekuat dalam mengeliminasi bakteri persisten dalam saluran akar gigi, seperti Enterococcus faecalis. Upaya pengeliminasian E. faecalis yang dapat dilakukan yakni dengan mengkombinasikan NaOCl dengan bahan irigasi lain atau menggunakan bahan alternatif lain. Salah satu bahan alam yang memiliki efek antibakteri adalah ektrak larva dari lalat hijau (Chrysomya megacephala). Produk eksretori dan sekretori larva instar ke-3 C. megacephala mengandung protease serin yang memiliki efek antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis efek antibakteri ekstrak larva C. megacephala dalam menghambat pertumbuhan E. faecalis. Metode: Jenis penelitian eksperimental laboratorium. Ekstrak larva C. megacephala dibuat dengan konsentrasi 0-100%. Efek antibakteri diketahui dengan pengukuran nilai Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) dan Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Nilai MIC diukur dengan metode pengenceran microbroth dalam cawan microtiter 96-well. Nilai MBC diukur dari hasil pengukuran MIC yang di-plating pada media kultur Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) dengan metode total counting. Hasil: Nilai MIC diperoleh pada ekstrak larva 50% (0,5x106mg/L) (p>0,05) sedangkan nilai MBC tidak ditemukan. Simpulan: Ekstrak larva C. Megacephala tidak memiliki efek yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Enterococcus faecalis.Kata kunci: Antibakteri, natrium hipoklorit, Chrysomya megacephala, Enterococcus faecalis. ABSTRACTIntroduction: In endodontic treatment, the root canal is disinfected by applying root canal irrigant. Commonly, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is used as the protocol of the root canal irrigant due to its antimicrobial effects. The usage of NaOCl has limitation because it is inadequate in eliminating persistent bacteria in the root canal, such as Enterococcus faecalis. The effort to eliminate E. faecalis is by combining NaOCl with other irrigant or using an alternative material. One of the natural products with antibacterial effects is the larva extract of greenfly (Chrysomya megacephala). The excretory and secretory products of the third instar of the larva contain serine protease that has been known for the antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to analyse the antibacterial effect of Chrysomya megacephala larva extract in inhibiting the E. faecalis bacteria. Methods: Experimental laboratory research was conducted towards an extract of C. megacephala larva, which was prepared with a concentration of 0-100%. The antibacterial effect was determined by measuring the value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The MIC values were measured by the micro broth dilution method in a 96-well microtiter dish. The MBC value was measured from the results of the MIC measurement plated on the Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) culture media using the total counting method. Results: The MIC values obtained in 50% larva extract was 0.5x106mg / L (p > 0.05) while the MBC value was not found. Conclusion: Chrysomya megacephala larva extract does not have the effect in inhibiting the Enterococcus faecalis.Keywords: Antibacterial, sodium hypochlorite, Chrysomya megacephala, Enterococcus faecalis.
This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of capital adequacy ratio, operational cost of operating income, loan to deposite ratio, net interest margin to profitability . The sampling method uses purposive sampling. This research data uses secondary data and hypothesis testing in this study using multiple linear regression. The research sample is 28 banking companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange periode 2014-2017. The results showed that operational cost of operating income have a positive effect on profitability. While the capital adequacy ratio, loan to deposite ratio, net interest margin has no effect on profitability
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