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From the interviews conducted, 16 plant spesies belonging to 13 families have been identified in the treatment of malaria.

Collagen is the main structural component of connective tissues in vertebral and invertebral animal tissues and organs. The collagen isolated from the body wall of sea cucumber (Holothuria lecospilota) can be used in the pharmaceutical field. The research aimed at isolating collagen from the sea cucumber body wall and testing the anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase activity. This was done by isolation of collagen by soaking the body wall of sea cucumber using Tris-HCl-EDTA 0.1 M and dialyzing using 0.5 M acetic acid. The step was followed by characterization of collagen using FT-IR spectrophotometer and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The resulting collagen was tested for anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase in vitro. The research showed that the resulting collagen was of the amide group with molecular weight of 166.43 and 138.35 kDa, showing α1 and α2 chains. Anti-tyrosinase activity test showed an IC 50 value of 1.20 mg/mL, while anti-elastase activity test showed an IC 50 value of 125 µg/mL. The collagen isolated from the sea cucumber has weak anti-tyrosinase and moderate anti-elastase activity.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, to evaluate the score of neuropathy, and to determine the effect of pharmacist intervention toward diabetic neuropathy (DN) patients at Gatot Soebroto Hospital, Jakarta, in 2013.Methods: An analytic research was conducted using cross-sectional approach to find out the effect of pharmacist intervention toward DN risk factors and prevalence. Toronto clinical scoring system was used to score the symptoms and physical examination results. Data about sociodemographic characters, age, duration of diabetic, blood glucose, blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, lifestyle, body mass index (BMI), and smoking were collected. Pharmacist intervention was given to increase patient information about DN and its risks factors.Results: There were 59 respondents involved in this study. It can be found that 15.3% respondents had mild diabetic peripheral neuropathy, 1.7% had moderate diabetic peripheral neuropathy, 1.7% had severe diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and as much as 81,4% respondents had no neuropathy. There was a correlation (but not statistically significant) between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its' risks factors such as ages, duration of diabetes, sex, cardiovascular disease (hypertension and cardiac disease), and lifestyle (smoking habit and BMI). Conclusion:Pharmacist intervention showed an increase on the patient's knowledge about DN and also a significant decrease on the patient's blood glucose level (p˂0.05).

<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-c5cb41fa-7fff-bcb7-a369-034e4910c35f"><span>Yakon merupakan tanaman yang dapat digunakan untuk pengobatan dan kebutuhan pangan. Salah satu kandungan zat berkhasiat dalam daun yakon adalah asam klorogenat. Asam klorogenat diketahui memiliki aktifitas sebagai antioksidan, antikanker dan antidiabetes.  Penentuan kadar asam klorogenat dalam matriks yang kompleks diperlukan metode yang selektif dengan ketelitian dan ketepatan yang baik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi dan validasi metode kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) fase balik untuk penetapan kadar asam klorogenat. Ekstrak dibuat secara ultrasonikasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 95%. Kondisi optimum diperoleh menggunakan fase gerak asam format 0,1% dalam asetonitril–asam format 0,1% dalam air (gradien); fase diam oktadesilsilan (C</span><span><span>18</span></span><span>) pada suhu 30 ºC dan detektor UV pada panjang gelombang 328 nm. Metode KCKT ini memberikan hasil yang memiliki ketelitian yang tinggi dengan simpangan baku relatif 0,79% dan ketepatan yang baik dengan perolehan kembali 97,50%. Kadar asam klorogenat yang diperoleh dalam ekstrak etanol 95% daun yakon sebesar 1,02%.</span></span></p><p> </p><p dir="ltr"><span>Optimization and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods for Determination of Chlorogenic Acid Levels in Ethanol Extracts of Yakon Leaves (</span><span>Smallanthus sonchifolius</span><span> (Poepp. &amp; Endl.) H. Robinson). </span><span>Yacon is a plant that can be used for medication and food needs. One of the bioactive compounds of yacon leaves is chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid has various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic activities. </span><span>To determine the chlorogenic acid in such complex matrix, such selective methods with good precision and acuracy are required.</span><span> In this study, the optimization and validation of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for chlorogenic acid determination </span><span>were performed</span><span>. The extract was prepared by ultrasonication in 95% ethanol</span><span>.</span><span>The optimized condition for HPLC </span><span>obtained was by using</span><span> mobile phase  0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile – 0.1% formic acid in water with gradient elution, stationary phase octadesylsilane  (C</span><span><span>18</span></span><span>)  at 30 </span><span><span>o</span></span><span>C and UV detector at of 328 nm. The result showed that HPLC method had high precicion with relative standard deviation of 0.79% and high accuracy with recovery of 97.50%. The chlorogenic acid in the ethanol 95% extract of </span><span>Y</span><span>acon leaves was 1,02%.</span></p><div><span><br /></span></div>