No abstract

From the interviews conducted, 16 plant spesies belonging to 13 families have been identified in the treatment of malaria.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Javanese turmeric rhizome extract and its nanoparticles. Javanese turmeric rhizome contains curcumin, flavonoid, and xanthorrhizol that show the antidiabetic activity. The plant extracts entrapped within the nanoparticles have been reported to increase the active compound bioavailability. Thereby, the nanoparticles can improve the biological activity of active compounds. Methods: The rhizome was extracted by kinetic maceration using 96% (v/v) ethanol, whereas the nanoparticles were prepared by the ionic gelation method with different formulations to obtain two types of nanoparticles (F1 and F2). The resulting nanoparticles were evaluated for their particle size, zeta potential, and morphology. The antidiabetic study was performed in a model of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The mice were divided into five groups, namely normal, negative, positive, extract (dose of 400 mg/kg) and nanoparticles group (dose of 400 mg/kg). Afterward, the blood glucose levels were observed within 24 d using a glucometer. Results: The nanoparticles F1 displayed particle size of 157.8±18.0 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.488 and zeta potential of+51.4±4.56 mV. Spray drying process of the suspension of nanoparticles F1 produced a fine yellow powder. In contrast, nanoparticles F2 assembled with a different solvent system gave rise to a smaller particles size (90±20.8 nm) but could not be dried. Hence, the nanoparticles F1 were further studied for the antidiabetic study. The results showed that the nanoparticles; F1 rendered a better antidiabetic activity compared to the extracts. Percentage of decrease in blood glucose levels of the extract and the nanoparticles were 39.62 and 47.52%, respectively. Conclusion: The type of solvent system of the extract could interfere with the resulting particle size of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles could be promising carriers for the extract to improve the antidiabetic activity.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of 96% (v/v) ethanolic extract of Javanese turmeric rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) and nanoparticles containing the extract against 4 pathogenic bacteria.Methods: The synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles used ionic gelation method. The nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential and morphology. Dilution method was performed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).Results: The nanoparticles showed particle size of 53.25 nm, polydispersity index of 0.442 and zeta potential value of+31.5 mv. The antibacterial activity results based on the broth dilution method demonstrated that both the extract and the nanoparticles could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thypi, and Bacillus subtilis in a concentration of 500 µg/ml. The MIC of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were 400 µg/ml and against Escherichia coli and Salmonella thypi in a concentration of 500 µg/ml. In addition, the MIC of the nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus was 300 µg/ml while against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella thypi 400 µg/ml and against Escherichia coli 500 µg/ml.Conclusion: The nanoparticles have a promising strategy to formulate the extracts in order to decrease the MIC against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella thypi.

Javanese turmeric rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) has been known to have many health benefits as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anticancer. The purpose of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of temulawak rhizome extract with its nanoparticles. Temulawak rhizome extract was obatained by maceration using 96% (v/v) ethanol as a solvent. The extracts were made into nanoparticles by ionic gelation method which used chitosan and tripolyphosphate. The results of antiinflammatory activity test using a method of inhibiting protein denaturation showed the persentage of inhibition of protein denaturation (IC50) of the extract of temulawak rhizome of 521.67±5.80 ppm while the IC50 of the nanoparticles was 398.02±1.78 ppm. Accordingly, the antiinflammatory activity of the nanoparticles was better than the extract of temulawak rhizome.

Keladi tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd) Blume is a plant that has many benefits in -health such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, analgesic and antihepatotoxic. This study aims to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of different extracts of leaves T. flagelliforme. The agar diffusion method used in the antibacterial activity; DPPH, the FTC and the TBA method used in the antioxidant activity. The results showed the ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fraction had antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the n-hexane fraction had no activity against bacteria tested. The results of antioxidant activity by DPPH method, the FTC and the TBA showed ethyl acetate fraction was the most active (IC 50 = 56.32 ppm) fraction among others.

Cincau Hijau leaves (Cyclea barbata L.Miers ) has been used empirically as a medicinal plant because it contains many potential compounds such as flavonoids. Cincau Hijau leaves has been known as antioxidant activity. Determination of pharmacognosy parameters and phytochemical screening of dry leaves and extracts have been carried out as well as determination of total fl avonoids content. Fresh leaves were extracts with water and Dry leaves were macerated with 96% ethanol and were then concentrated by rotavapor to obtain viscous extracts. Free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH method. Afterwards, determination of specifi c and non-specifi c parameters were performed. Results of phytochemical screening of powder and 50% and 96% ethanol extract showed that tall the tested samples contained alkaloid, fl avonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids/ triterpenoids, coumarin. The examination of specifi c parameter showed that the extract has a thick consistency, tawny color, bitter taste, characteristic odor. In addition, water-soluble compound and 96% ethanol extract are 46.64 and 62.13% respectively whereas ethanol-soluble compounds are 39.22 and 74.72%, respectively. While the results of nonspecifi c parameters of 50% and 96 % ethanol extract displayed total ash content of 9.69 and 9.49%, respectively, acid insoluble ash content of 0.30 and 0.16%, respectively, content of water soluble ash of 9.17 and 4.30%, respectively, loss on drying of 9.35 and 8.9%, respectively, water content of 8.45 and 7.25%, respectively. Based on heavy metal contamination, Pb concentration in 50 and 96% ethanol extract are 0.0227 and 0.0333 mg/kg, respectively whereas Cd concentration are 0.1206 and 0.0022 mg/kg, respectively and total number of CFU of 4,22 x 103 and 2,30 x 103 colonies/g, respectively while molds and yeasts number of colony of 0,48 x 102 and 8,88 x 102 colonies/g, respectively. Moreover, the total flavonoid was 0,19 %. Result of DPPH inhibition test showed that IC50 96 % ethanol extract are 83,280 ppm and water extracts are 102,01 ppm

Penelitian pembuatan kitosan larut air dari cangkang rajungan telah dilakukan dengan perlakuan perbedaan suhu eterifikasi. Perlakuan suhu eterifikasi yang diberikan adalah berturut­ turut: 60, 75, dan 90 ºC, sedangkan rasio antara. kitosan dan monokloroasetat adalah 1 : 0,9 (b/b). Proses eterifikasi untuk semua perlakuan dilakukan selama 4 jam. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa suhu eterifikasi berpengaruh terhadap kualitas dan kuantitas kitosan larut air yang dihasilkan. Semakin tinggi suhu eterifikasi yang diberikan, tingkat kelarutan dan rendemen meningkat tetapi menurunkan derajat substitusi (DS) dan tingkat kekentalan. Perlakuan terbaik ditemukan pada suhu eterifikasi 90 ºC ditinjau dari nilai kelarutan 5,4%; DS 1,18; kekentalan 109,5 cPs; rendemen 129,4%; kadar air 9,8% dan kadar abu 2,0%.