Suryaningsih S, Sukmaningrum S, Simanjuntak SBI, Kusbiyanto. 2018. Diversity and longitudinal distribution of freshwater fish in Klawing River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 85-92. The aims of this study were to evaluate the diversity and longitudinal distribution of fish in Klawing River, Purbalingga (Central Java). The survey was performed using a clustered randomsampling technique. The river was divided into upstream, midstream and downstream regions. Species diversity was measured as the number of species, and the longitudinal distribution was assessed by determining the fish species present in each of the three regions. Eighteen fish species of eleven families were identified in the Klawing River: Cyprinidae, Bagridae, Mastacembelidae, Anabantidae, Cichlidae, Channidae, Eleotrididae, Beleontinidae, Osphronemidae, Poecilidae, and Siluridae. Cyprinidae exhibited the highest number of species (six), followed by Bagridae and Cichlidae (two species each). The other families were represented by one species each. A single cluster analysis showed that the upstream population had a similarity of 78% and 50% with the midstream and downstream populations, respectively. Species and family diversities were higher in the midstream populations than in the upstream and downstream populations. This longitudinal distribution may be due to differences in environmental conditions and suggests that management of the land surrounding the Klawing River is a key factor in the conservation of freshwater fish.
Chlorella vulgaris is an algae with high nutrition content. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) is a hepatotoxic chemical.The aims of this study were to determine the effect of C. vulgaris extract on the physiological response of liver such as MDA, SOD and GPx activity on rat after induced by CCl 4 exposure as well as to determine the effective dose of C. vulgaris extract as antioxidant that can neutralize CCl 4 exposure. This research was conducted experimentally with Completely Randomized Design that consists of 6 treatment and 5 times repetition. The doses of C. vulgaris extract used were 3, 4, and 5 mg per /100 g of rat'sbody weight (BW).The administration of C. vulgaris extract was performed within 30 days, while the CCl 4 (0.25 ml/100 g BW) was administered orally on the day 9, 12, 16, 19, 23, and 26. Parameters measured were levels of MDA, SOD and GPx of rat blood serum.The results showed that the administration of C. vulgaris extract can inhibit lipid peroxidation indicated by decrease in MDA activities and oxidative stress by increasing SOD and GPx activity. In conclusion, 5 mg/100 g BW of C.vulgaris extract is an effective dose to be uses as endogenous antioxidant to protect the liver cell from damage caused by CCl 4 exposure. The benefit of C. vulgaris as a supplement for antihepatotoxin in humans.
Osmotic regulation and blood hematocrite of nile, Oreochromis sp., have been evaluated as response to different salinity and water temperature. Three different salinities (0 ppt, 10 ppt and 20 ppt) in combination with two different water temperatures (26° C and 30° C) have been applicated in this experiment. Fish with average body weight 28.3 ± 2.62 g were used ini this experiment. The result showed that plasma osmolality of nile in freshwater have not different with in 10 ppt (P > 0.05), but plasma osmolality increased at 20 ppt especially at 8,16 and 24 hours after aclimated on 20 ppt. Osmoregulatory capacity has signifi cant heigher (P < .05) on nile in freshwater than in water with salinity 10 ppt and 20 ppt. Body water content and blood hematocrite were not signifi cant between different salinity and water temperature (P > .05). Conclution, osmotic regulation of nile showed signifi cant different between salinity treatment, but blood hematocrite only changed at 8,and16 hours after nile aclimated on water salinity 20 ppt and body water content not changed at both diferent salinity and water temperature.
Kidney is very susceptible to damage by toxicological compounds such as carbon tetrachloride (CCL). CCL produce free radicals, which cause lipid peroxidation and kidney damage and free radical release, which can be prevented by the administration of exogenous antioxidants, such as Chlorella vulgaris. The aim of study was to determine an effect of antioxidant of C. vulgaris on the histopathological features of Wistar rat kidney which is induced by CCL. Experimental study with completely randomized design. The variable was histopathology features of the kidneys. The doses of C. vulgaris extract were 3 mg, 4 mg, and 5 mg per 100 grams of rat body weight (BW). The administration of C. vulgaris extract was performed within 30 days, while the CCl 4 induction (0.25 ml/100 g BW) was administered orally on the day 9, 12, 16, 19, 23, and 26. Parameters were histopathology features of renal damage, proportion of tubular cell damage, and Bowman's space diameter. The results showed the administration of C. vulgaris extract was able to reduce the impact of damage caused by CCl 4 (p<0.05). This was supported by histologic observations, which was showing a decrease of picnotic and vacuolated cells, normal brush border, and decrease of Bowman's space. In conclusion, 5 mg/100 g BW of C. vulgaris extract can effectively protect the kidney from damage caused by CCL. The results of this study strongly support further research on immunostimulant content test C. vulgaris and determine the efficient dose for representative mammals animals also in humans.
<p><em>Spirulina platensis </em>is a phytoplankton, the cell wall composed of complex sugars so easily digested by fish<em>. </em>The present study was carried out to investigate stimulation cycle of feed deprivation with feed supplemented <em>S</em>.<em> platensis</em> the best to increase growth, hematological and body composition of gurami (<em>Osphronemus gouramy</em>). Groups of 24 fish, each in triplicate, were exposed to four different treatment for a period of 56 days. Sample measurements of growth done every 14 days, hematological and body composition measurements carried out at the end of the experiment. Growth was significantly different between stimulation cycle of feed deprivation and the control (P<0.05). Conclusions result showed that stimulation cycles of feed deprivation could not improve growth and hematological, but could improve body composition. Feed deprivation is done to reduce the cost of production, high production costs due to high feed prices. During research on feed deprivation is done by giving commercial feed, this study is to provide feed supplementation <em>S. platensis</em>. Thus, the results of this study can be useful for science as <em>S. platensis</em> information can be used as a food supplement and and for the people cultivating gurami should be fed daily supplementation of <em>S. platensis</em>.</p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Simanjuntak, S. B. I., Wibowo, E. S. & Indarmawan, I. (2016). Stimulation of Deprivation Cycles with Spirulina platensis Feed Supplementation on Osphronemus gouramy Physiological Responses. <em>Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education</em>, 8(3), 378-385. </p>
<p>Giant gouramy is one of freshwater aquaculture fish species that has high economic value so that various efforts had been performed to continuous increase its production levels. The successful of giant gouramy culture requires good understanding on its reproductive biology, however limited information is available. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine reproductive hormone profiles and gametogenesis of giant gouramy for a cycle of reproduction. Eighteen broodstocks were naturally spawned; the day of spawning was referred as the first day (zero weeks) of post spawning. Nine (Group A) of those broodstocks were used to evaluate gonadotropin, estradiol, and progesterone profiles. The remained broodstocks (group B) were used to evaluate gametogenesis. Blood sample from fish group A were taken on 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks post spawning for measurement of hormone levels. Hormone levels were measured by using ELISA method with kit of REF30-407 for gonadotropin, REF30-431 for estradiol and REF30-406 for progesterone, respectively. On the same time, ovarian were taken from fish group B. Ovarian were weighted to examine gonado somatic index (GSI), and they were then be fixative by NBF solution, processed to histology using paraffin, and stained with haematoxyline-eosin. Histology of ovarian was observed using a light microscope. The results of hormone analysis showed that the level of gonadotropin was relatively high during the spawning (0.17±0.021 mIU/ml), decrease to 0.13±0.017 mIU/ml) at the first week and then relatively stable until the fourth week. Estradiol-17 concentration was relatively high during the spawning (2,222.32±68.19 pg/ml), decrease until the third week and then increase at the fourth week (1,989.66±103.11pg/ml). Progesterone level from fish spawning to the first week was 0.403±0.02ng/ml, increase to 0.514±0.02 ng/ml at the second week and then decrease at the fourth week (0.260±0.0 ng/ml). GSI values from the first week to the fourth were 1.794%; 2.3125%; 2.562% and 4.468%, respectively. Histology analysis showed that giant gouramy has nine oocytes development, including 2 stages of previtellogenesis, 6 stages of vitellogenesis and a post vitellogenesis stage. Information of gonadotropin, estradiol-17 and progesterone profiles, and gametogenesis of giant gouramy could be useful on the effort to optimize their reproductive performance.</p> <p>Keywords: hormone profile, reproduction, gametogenesis, giant gouramy</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Ikan gurame merupakan salah satu jenis ikan budidaya air tawar yang memiliki nilai ekonomi cukup tinggi, sehingga berbagai upaya untuk peningkatan produksinya senantiasa dilakukan. Keberhasilan budidaya gurame memerlukan pemahaman yang memadai tentang biologi reproduksi, akan tetapi informasi tersebut masih terbatas. Oleh karena itu dalam penelitan ini dievaluasi profil hormon reproduksi dan gametogenesis gurami selama satu siklus reproduksi. Induk gurame (n= 18) dipijahkan secara alami, hari pada saat ikan memijah ditetapkan sebagai hari pertama (minggu ke-0) pasca mijah. Sembilan ikan (grup A) digunakan untuk evaluasi profil hormon gonadotropin, estradiol dan progesteron. Sembilan ikan lainnya (grup B) digunakan untuk evaluasi profil gametogenesis. Pada minggu ke-0, 1 ,2 ,3 dan ke-4 pasca mijah, sampel darah diambil dari ikan grup A untuk pengukuran kadar hormon. Pengukuran kadar hormon dilakukan menggunakan metoda ELISA dengan kit gonadotropin (REF 30-407), estradil (REF 30-431) dan progesteron (REF 30-406). Pada saat yang sama, ikan dari grup B dimatikan dan dibedah untuk diangkat ovariumnya. Ovarium ditimbang untuk perhitungan <em>gonado somatic index</em> (GSI), kemudian difiksasi dalam larutan NBF, diproses untuk pembuatan sediaan histologi mengguakan metode parafin, dan diwarnai dengan haematoxylin-eosin. Histologi ovari dievaluasi dengan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil pengukuran kadar hormon menunjukkan bahwa kadar godanotropin relatif tinggi pada saat pemijahan (0,17±0,021 mIU/ml) kemudian menurun (0,13±0,017 mIU/ml) pada minggu pertama dan relatif stabil hingga minggu keempat. Kadar estradiol-17 relatif tinggi pada saat pemijahan (2222,32±68,19 pg/ml) menurun hingga minggu ketiga (1518,61±100,68 pg/ml) dan meningkat kembali pada minggu keempat (1989,66±103,11pg/ml). Kadar progesteron pada saat pemjahan hingga minggu pertama 0,403±0,02ng/ml, meningkat menjadi 0,514±0,02 ng/ml pada minggu kedua dan menurun menurun kembali hingga minggu keempat kadarnya 0,260±0,0 ng/ml). Nilai GSI induk betina pada minggu pertama hingga minggu keempat berturut-turut sebesar 1,794%; 2,3125%; 2,562% dan 4,468%. Evaluasi terhadap sediaan histologi ovarium menunjukkan bahwa gurame memiliki sembilan tahapan perkembangan oosit meliputi previtelogenesis (2 tahap), vitelogenesis (6 tahap) dan post vitelogenesis. Informasi tentang profil hormon gonadotropin, estradiol-17 dan progesteron serta profil gametogeness pada gurame dapat digunakan sebagai dasar dalam upaya optimasi reproduksi ikan gurame. </p> <p>Kata kunci: profil hormon, reproduksi, gametogenesis, ikan gurame</p>
Limbah batik mengandung logam berbahaya diantaranya adalah Cr, Cu, Zn, dan Mn. Limbah batik yang dihasilkan dari industri tekstil umumnya merupakan senyawa anorganik non-biodegradable, yang dapat menyebabkan pencemaran terutama lingkungan perairan. Logam yang masuk dalam bentuk ion akan diikat oleh protein darah (Metalotionin), disebut ikatan M+Mt. Ikatan tersebut bersifat stabil dan tidak mudah lepas, sehingga memicu pembentukan radikal bebas. Radikal bebas akan menimbulkan reaksi peroksidasi lipid yang dapat merusak hati, sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar enzim SGPT yang merupakan parameter gangguan pada fungsi hati. Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) dianggap sebagai bioindikator untuk studi toksikologi perairan dan monitoring lingkungan, mudah beradaptasi di segala kondisi lingkungan, dan memiliki nilai komersial yang tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), dengan perlakuan konsentrasi limbah batik Naftol 17% v/v, 34% v/v, 51% v/v, dan kontrol yang dipaparkan selama 48 jam. Analisis data menggunakan uji Anova dengan taraf kepercayaaan 95% dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa efek subletal limbah batik terhadap aktivitas enzim SGPT pada serum ikan Nila (O. niloticus) nilainya berbanding lurus. Hasil perhitungan rerata aktivitas enzim SGPT selama 48 jam pada perlakuan kontrol 6,17±0,98 U/L, konsentrasi 17% v/v yaitu 11,67±1,51 U/L, konsentrasi 34% v/v yaitu 17,67±1,51 U/L, dan konsentrasi 51% v/v yaitu 121.83±1,9 U/L. Analisis Anova (α=0,05) didapatkan nilai F hitung (199,552) > F tabel (4,30). Hasil uji Duncan menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan limbah batik dengan konsentrasi 51% v/v selama 48 jam, paling berdampak terhadap penurunan fungsi enzim SGPT.
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