Supervised by Jonathan Baron and Alan Fiske Are disgusting or disrespectful actions considered to be moral violations, even when they are harmless? Stories about victimless yet offensive actions (such as eating one's dead pet dog) were presented to Brazilian and U.S. adults and children, of high and low socioeconomic status. Results show that college students at elite universities judged these stories to be matters of social convention, or of personal preference. Most other subjects, especially in Brazil, judged the offensive actions to be universally wrong moral violations. Moral judgments were better predicted by affective reactions than by appraisals of harmfulness. These results support Shweder (1990), and Miller, Bersoff and Harwood (1990), and suggest that cultural norms and culturally shaped emotions have a substantial impact on the domain of morality and the process of moral judgment. Efforts to build cross-culturally valid models of moral judgment are discussed. v Table of Contents Acknowledgments .

Copyright and reuse:Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University.Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.Article accepted for publication in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000175 © American Psychological Association (APA) This article may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record. contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our seven-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts.Keywords: CULTURE; SELF-CONSTRUALS; INDEPENDENCE-INTERDEPENDENCE Twenty-five years ago, Markus and Kitayama (1991) published their classic article on culture and the self, proposing that people in different parts of the world tend to construe themselves in two fundamentally different ways. They argued that Western cultures are unusual in promoting an independent view of the self as bounded, unitary, stable, and separate from the social context, whereas cultures in other parts of the world emphasize an interdependent view of the self as closely connected to others, fluid, and contextually embedded. They proposed that people with independent self-construals would strive for self-expression, uniqueness, and self-actualization, basing their actions on personal thoughts, feelings, and goals. In contrast, people with interdependent self-construals would strive to fit in and maintain social harmony, basing their actions on situationally defined norms and expectations.Markus and Kitayama's (1991) proposals had a dramatic impact on social, personality and developmental psychology, challenging ethnocentric assumptions, drawing attention to cultural diversity, and providing conceptual tools for theorizing about it. Social and personality psychologists used measures and manipulations of self-construals to predict numerous outcomes: cognitive styles, well-being, self-regulation, selfesteem, communication styles, social anxiety, and pro...

The goal of this study was to examine demographic and individual difference variables that predict level of prosocial moral judgment and self-reported prosocial behavior and to test mediating or moderating relations among predictors. The relations of prosocial moral reasoning and self-reported prosocial behavior to perspective taking, sympathy, age, sociometric status, and gender-role orientation were examined with a sample of 149 Brazilian adolescents who completed a series of questionnaire measures. Prosocial moral judgment was expected to be predicted by both sympathy and perspective taking, whereas sympathy or prosocial moral judgment was expected to mediate the relations of femininity and perspective taking to prosocial behavior. Self-reported perspective taking and sympathy interacted when predicting prosocial moral judgment; adolescents who were high in either sympathy or perspective taking (or both) scored high in prosocial moral reasoning. A feminine orientation predicted sympathy and perspective taking, perspective taking predicted prosocial moral reasoning and sympathy, and sympathy had both direct and indirect paths (through moral judgment) to prosocial behavior. The findings generally were consistent with the contention that both the tendency to take others' perspectives and to sympathize are related to level of prosocial moral reasoning, which in turn motivates prosocial behavior. Moreover, patterns of correlations among variables were similar to those found in the United States.

O abuso sexual infantil é um problema de saúde pública, devido à elevada incidência epidemiológica e aos sérios prejuízos para o desenvolvimento das vítimas. A dinâmica desta forma de violência é complexa, envolvendo aspectos psicológicos, sociais e legais. Este estudo apresenta o mapeamento de fatores de risco para abuso sexual intrafamiliar identificados nos processos jurídicos do Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil por violência sexual, no período entre 1992 e 1998. A análise de 71 expedientes apresenta o perfil das vítimas e a caracterização da violência sexual, dos agressores e das famílias. Os resultados apontaram que o desemprego, famílias reconstituídas, abuso de álcool e drogas, dificuldades econômicas e presença de outras formas de violência constituíram os principais fatores de risco associados ao abuso sexual. Tais resultados podem subsidiar ações preventivas e terapêuticas para situações de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes.

Este estudo apresenta uma integração de aspectos protetivos e de risco para o desenvolvimento humano em contextos ecológicos diversos, tais como a família, a instituição e a escola, colhidos na literatura, e os relaciona à promoção de resiliência. Define conceitos de processo de resiliência, fator de proteção e de risco, e faz considerações sobre crianças em situação de risco. A teoria bioecológica do desenvolvimento humano de Urie Bronfenbrenner foi utilizada como base teórico-metodológica para analisar esses contextos, fatores de risco e/ou proteção. Esta teoria contempla o estudo do desenvolvimento integrando a compreensão dos aspectos da vida da pessoa, seja o tempo em que vive, os ambientes dos quais participa e as relações que estabelece. Independentemente do contexto (família, instituição ou escola), as diversas influências e eventos de vida podem configurar-se como risco ou proteção. No entanto, isto dependerá da qualidade e existência de relações emocionais e sociais, da presença de afetividade e da reciprocidade que tais ambientes propiciarem.

RESUMO.Este artigo apresenta uma revisão de literatura sobre práticas educativas e estilos parentais no contexto familiar, com o objetivo de analisá-los como fatores potenciais de proteção ou de risco para o abuso físico, sob o enfoque ecológico do desenvolvimento humano. São discutidos vários indicadores nas esferas familiar, pessoal e social, tais como: características individuais, experiência dos pais em suas famílias de origem, rede de apoio social e eventos estressantes no ciclo vital. A compreensão destes aspectos permite subsidiar a elaboração de programas de intervenção e prevenção de casos de abuso físico na família, além de promover novas pesquisas. Palavras-chave:Práticas educativas, estilos parentais, abuso físico. SOCIALIZATION PRACTICES, PARENTING STYLES AND PHYSICAL ABUSE IN FAMILIAR CONTEXTABSTRACT. This paper presents a literature review about socialization practices and parental styles in familiar context, aiming to analyze them as risk and protective potential factors for physical abuse, based on ecological perspective of human development. Several factors are analyzed at familiar, personal and social perspectives, such as individual characteristics, parents' experience in their families of origin, social support network, and stressful life events. The comprehension of these factors may subsidize both intervention programs and prevention of cases of physical abuse in families, and also to encourage new research. As relações intrafamiliares vêm sofrendo mudanças nas últimas décadas. Alguns anos atrás, comportamentos até então compreendidos como culturalmente aceitáveis e esperados, como a utilização de força física na educação das crianças por parte dos pais ou cuidadores, atualmente são criticados e coibidos pelos direitos constitucionais (ver, por exemplo, Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, 1990). No entanto, o processo de mudança que permite a conscientização sobre os danos causados pela punição física é lento. Ainda persiste, por exemplo, a punição no contexto familiar, justificada, muitas vezes, como uma prática educativa. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre as práticas educativas, os estilos parentais e o abuso físico no contexto familiar, com o objetivo de analisar tais práticas e estilos parentais como fatores potenciais de proteção ou de risco para o abuso físico, através da Teoria dos Sistemas Ecológicos (Bronfenbrenner, 1979(Bronfenbrenner, /1996.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD-7 questionnaire in a community sample (n = 206) of Brazilian adults. The sample was 41% female, with a mean age of 21.10 (SD = 4.49), 75.6% from colleges/universities. Results of a confi rmatory factor analysis provided support to the original unidimensional model of the GAD-7 in the Brazilian context. Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the GAD-7 scores were signifi cantly different between males and females, with females scoring higher than males. The scale demonstrated good reliability evidence; both Cronbach's alpha coeffi cient (α = .916) and rho composite reliability coeffi cient (ρ = .909) were adequate. Item parameter analysis showed items 5 and 7 presented

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulResumo Este artigo visa a descrever uma metodologia para pesquisas com famílias em ambiente natural: a Inserção Ecológica. Esta metodologia está fundamentada na Teoria dos Sistemas Ecológicos, que propõe o estudo do desenvolvimento humano através de um modelo científico envolvendo a interação de quatro núcleos: o processo, a pessoa, o contexto e o tempo, denominado modelo bioecológico. De acordo com esta teoria, o modelo bioecológico se constitui em um referencial teórico-metodológico apropriado para a realização de pesquisas sobre o desenvolvimento-no-contexto. Este artigo descreve a operacionalização deste modelo em uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre resiliência e vulnerabilidade em famílias em situação de risco. A inserção ecológica envolveu o acompanhamento longitudinal de três famílias pobres, que vivem em uma comunidade violenta, e incluiu observações, conversas informais e entrevistas. A operacionalização do modelo bioecológico nesta pesquisa proporcionou a realização de um estudo com validade ecológica, pois permitiu incluir vários níveis de análise. AbstractThe aim of this paper is to describe a methodology for research with families in natural environment: Ecological Insertion. This methodology is based on Ecological Systems Theory, that proposes that development must be studied through a scientific model that involves interaction among four nucleus: process, person, context and time, denominated bioecological model. For this theory, the bioecological model become an appropriate theoretical-methodologial approach for research on development-incontext. This paper describes an operacionalization of this model in a qualitative research about resilience and vulnerability in families under risk situation. The ecological insertion involved the study accompaniment of three poor families who live in a violent community and included observations, informal chats and interviews. The operacionalization of the bioecological model in this research promoted the accomplishment of a study with ecological validity, apart from allowing to include various levels of analysis.