The photodynamic activity and pharmacokinetics of a new liposomal form (LF) of the sensitizer Photosense based on aluminum sulfophthalocyanine salts have been studied in comparison to those of the standard form (SF) representing a 0.2% aqueous solution of the parent substance. The effective therapeutic doze of the LF of Photosense in mice bearing Ehrlich's tumor was 1 mg/kg, which is four times as small as the effective dose of the SF. The selectivity of accumulation in the tumor tissue 24 h after administration for the LF of Photosense was 1.5 times higher than for the SF. The drug accumulation in skin (determined by the fluorescence intensity) on the 7th days of experiment for the LF of Photosense was 1.6 times lower than for the SF. The pharmacokinetics of the LF of Photosense in mice without tumors significantly differs from the behavior of the SF.In recent years, the photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescent diagnostics (FLD) of neoplasms have been extensively developed both in the experimental oncology and on the clinical level. In Russia, several potential photosensitizers for PDT and FLD are currently under clinical investigation [1 -4]. Among these, most thoroughly studied is Photosense -a domestic photosensitizer of the second generation -representing a mixture of sodium salts of sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine, which is synthesized using an original patented technology developed at the State Research Institute of Organic Semiproducts and Dyes (Moscow) [5,6].Previous investigations into the mechanisms of the photodynamic damage of inoculated tumors by Photosense showed that the therapeutic activity of this drug is a multifactor process including (i) necrosis and apoptosis of tumor cells under the direct action of cytotoxic agents (singlet oxygen, free radicals) generated in the course of PDT and (ii) ischemic necrosis caused by the violated blood flow in vessels of the tumor [7]. The results of pathomorphological investigations [7] showed that the direct photodynamic effect of Photosense on the cells and tissues of parenchyma was more pronounced when the period of time between the photosensitizer administration and irradiation exceeds 24 h. The active components of Photosense have various degrees of sulfonation and, hence, differently penetrate through vessel walls and influence the parenchyma [8,9]. The amphiphilic character of the photosensitizer also significantly influences the ability of Photosense to penetrate through the membranes of tumor cells. The attachment of two biotin residues to the molecule of Photosense provided for nearly optimum amphiphilic properties and significantly increased the efficacy of the drug action [10].

This paper deals with the possibility of application of aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) nanoparticles in clinical practice. AlPc fluoresces in the molecular form but in the form of nanoparticles it does not. Separation of molecules from an AlPc nanoparticle and therefore the appearance of fluorescence occurs under the effect of a number of biochemo‐physical factors. Owing to this feature the application of AlPc nanoparticles followed by the measurement of fluorescence spectra is proposed as a diagnostics method. It was shown that after AlPc nanoparticle application on a tooth surface the fluorescence intensity in the enamel microdamage area is 2–3 times higher than that in the normal enamel area. The appearance of fluorescence after application of AlPc nanoparticles on skin autografts testifies to the presence of inflammation. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Prerequisites for the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as the development and structure of atherosclerotic vascular lesions in humans are analyzed. The basic requirements for PDT components, specifically photosensitizers (PS), and the radiation source, and the current state of their development are overviewed. Some original results of in vitro studies of the effect of PS on the basis of phthalocyanines and radiation on cells from the atherosclerotic plaques are presented.

The paper outlines the role of such innovations as standardization and quality assurance in forensic operations conducted on the territory of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Rationales are provided for pathways towards standardization of forensic practice as a means of improving the efficiency of forensic contribution to the due process of law by resolving issues that require special knowledge. The authors examine different approaches to the understanding of quality in forensic practice and offer a definition that reflects the hierarchically structured system of law enforcement and courts' forensic needs.

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The article contains analysis of modern approaches to quality management in the forensic science institutions, reviewed evolution of the view about quality as an object of management. Author considered a structure and a volume of notion of forensic science activity and mark out the elements of structure that form complex factor that affects the quality. Based on international and one’s country experience is given the historical retrospective of process of development and deployment of mechanisms of managements of quality in production and forensic science. The conceptual approaches to quality problems enshrined in the series ISO 9000 and ISO/IEC 17025 international standards, their similarities and distinction, and also applicability limits concerning activity of the forensic science institutions are analyzed. The special attention is paid to the analysis of problems arising in the design and implementation of quality management systems, identified their causes, and made recommendations for improving the effectiveness of management.

14 patients with transional-cell bladder cancer in stage T1N0M0G2 after transurethral bladder resection were offered adjuvant treatment with PDT. Adjuvant PDT was performed 1-1.5 months after transurethral bladder resection for superficial bladder cancer. Prior to PDT conventional and fluorescent cystoscopy were performed. In the absence of inflammation and after full epitalisation of postoperative wound a session of therapy was performed. 24 hours prior to PDT-session photosensitizer Photosens was injected intravenously in the dose of 0.8 mg per kg of body weight. Prior to PDT local anesthesia of urethra with lidocain-gel was performed. Cystoscopy was carried out. PDT was performed with diode laser "Biospec" (675 nm). During the session the place of standing diffuser and the volume of a bladder were controlled.After 7 months of observation no tumor recidivists were observed. Registered side effects were not lifethreatened. 5 patients had pain or discomfort in suprapubic area, ceasing spontaneously or requiring administration of analgetics. No systemic side-effects or allergic reactions were observed. The method can be used in out-patient practice. Absence of early recidivists shows efficiency of PDT in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Further study is necessary to estimate optimal regimen of PDT. The further controlling of condition on the patients in this group is required.At the laboratory animals' experiment, we conducted the explorations devoted to the influence of the photodynamic effect at the prostate's tissues.

This work are devoted our experience with photodynamic therapy (PDT) with «Photosens»for patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV). 18 patients with subfoveal CNV in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 24 patients with subfoveal CNV in pathological myopia (PM) and 4 patients with subfoveal CNV associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis were observed. CNV was 100% classic in all study patients. Standardized protocol refraction, visual acuity testing, ophthalmologic examinations, biomicroscopy, fluorescein angiography, and ultrasonography were performed before treatment and 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after treatment; were used to evaluate the results of photodynamic therapy with «Photosens» (0.02% solution of mixture sulfonated aluminium phtalocyanine 0.05 mg/kg, intravenously). A diode laser («Biospec», Inc, Moscow) was used operating in the range of 675 nm. Need for retreatment was based on fluorescein angiographic evidence of leakage at 3-month follow-up intervals.At 3, 6, 9 month 26 (56.5%) patients had significant improvement in the mean visual acuity. At the end of the 12-month minimal fluorescein leakage from choroidal neovascularization was seen in 12 (26.1%) patients and the mean visual acuity was slightly worse than 0.2 which was not statistically significant as compared with the baseline visual acuity. Patients with fluorescein leakage from CNV underwent repeated PDT with «Photosens». 3Dmode ultrasound shown the decreasing thickness of chorioretinal complex in CNV area.Photodynamic therapy with «Photosens» can safely reduce the risk of severe vision loss in patients with predominantly classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to AMD, PM and toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/24/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx SPIE-OSA/ Vol. 6632 663212-5 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/24/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx