“…In peripheral tissues, vinpocetine is linked to regulation of blood circulation, prevention of stroke and atherosclerosis, and reduction of inflammation (6,10,22,28,61,62,79). In the eye, vinpocetine provides neuroprotection against macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and visual impairment secondary to Meniere's disease (4,5,37,52,63,65).Vinpocetine has consistently been shown to be protective in ischemic injury of many tissues, including the brain, liver, and retina (28,31,32,44,54,74). Vinpocetine may protect against ischemia via multiple mechanisms.…”