Аннотация. Одним из важнейших требований современного судебно-экспертного производства является обеспечение принципа научной обоснованности применяемых методов. Как показывает практика, вопросы научной обоснованности экспертной методики и научно-методического обоснования ее применения при производстве экспертиз могут иметь различное как семантическое, операционное, так и правовое толкование. На основании анализа специального доклада «Судебная экспертиза в уголовных судах: обеспечение научной достоверности методов сопоставления признаков», подготовленного в 2016 году Комитетом советников по науке и технике при президенте США, и материалов 69-й конференции Американской академии судебных экспертиз рассматривается возможность решения наиболее важных методологических проблем в судебной экспертизе. Это прежде всего достижение четкой ясности и объективности оценки научных стандартов достоверности и надежности судебно-экспертных методов и возможности их применения в судебно-экспертных исследованиях. Выводы зарубежных ученых анализируются в целях дальнейшего развития российского законодательства о судебной экспертизе и гармонизации судебно-экспертного сотрудничества в рамках Евразийского экономического союза. Ключевые слова: судебная экспертиза, методическое обеспечение, научная обоснованность, судебно-экспертные ошибки, стандартизация Для цитирования. Смирнова С.А., Усов А.И. Повышение научной обоснованности методического обеспечения судебной экспертизы-один из важных международных трендов // Теория и практика судебной экспертизы. 2017. Том 12. № 2. С. 11-17.

The paper outlines the role of such innovations as standardization and quality assurance in forensic operations conducted on the territory of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Rationales are provided for pathways towards standardization of forensic practice as a means of improving the efficiency of forensic contribution to the due process of law by resolving issues that require special knowledge. The authors examine different approaches to the understanding of quality in forensic practice and offer a definition that reflects the hierarchically structured system of law enforcement and courts' forensic needs.

Validation of the forensic methods (FM) is one of the main procedures for the standardization of forensic activities used to verify the reliability of the obtained results of the studies. This procedure is widely adopted in the organizations of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI), which also includes the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (RFCFS). Two types of FM can be distinguished in metrological aspects: forensic method of measurements (FMM) and forensic methods of testing (FMT). We have shown earlier that unlike the developed methodological approaches to the FMM validation which gained practical application in the RFCFS laboratories, the FMT validation procedures give rise to many questions which are widely discussed in the scientific literature. The most significant difficulties in FM validation are attributed to selection of the validation parameters, development of the validation experiment and performance of statistical calculations. We propose methodological approaches to the statistical assessment of the FMM and FMT parameters to be used in practice of forensic experts. Moreover, we present a number of recommendations on the validation procedure, list of the validation parameters, and consider specific schemes of the experiments to be used for assessing of the quality indicators of FMM and FMT. The results of multiple determination of the controlled index in the referenced samples and standard additives are presented to assess the suitability of the FMM using common formulas for calculation of the statistical parameters. Case study of the FMT validation procedure «Microscopic Examination of Textile Fibers» is considered. The expediency of using probabilistic estimate of the share of false test results, as well as calculation of the likelihood ratio in assessing the reliability of forensic methods of testing and competence of the experts is demonstrated.

The platform of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has become one of the priority formats of modern international cooperation in the field of forensic science. This is due to the role of forensic expertise in the detection and investigation of crimes of terrorism, separatism and extremism, as well as in other areas that require the application of specialized knowledge. The stepping up of cooperation between forensic science organizations has been taking place in response to the decision of the Meeting of the Ministers of Justice of SCO member states to establish an expert working group on forensic practices. The plan is to implement a whole range of measures within the functional framework of the group to consolidate the capabilities of forensic science in SCO member states, as a way of improving the quality of forensic services and reducing turnaround times. As part of an ongoing effort to harmonize methodological approaches to the tasks facing the working group, the article analyzes the legislation of a number of states participating in SCO activities. The issues of retraining and professional development of experts, as well as the training of research personnel constitute a separate area of cooperation. It is proposed to consider the Forensic Science Department of the Law Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia as an organizational and technical platform for educational cooperation among member states, observer states, and SCO dialogue partners on the issues of in-service professional development of forensic personnel.

The article deals with issues related to the validation of teaching materials for the production of forensic competence certification of forensic experts and scientific and methodological support of forensic standardization of forensic activities.

The paper addresses key innovations brought forward by the draft federal law “On forensic science services in the Russian Federation”, e.g. validation of methodological documentation on forensic operations, certification of the competence of forensic examiners, certification of methodological support for forensic operations, standardization of forensic practices, as well as the record of the practical application of these innovations in the operations of the RFCFS of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.

The article provides an outline of key events involving the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes. A key aspect of ENFSI activities is participation in the implementation of the European Union Council plan to create an integrated European Forensic Science Area 2020. This work is based on the EU system of direct grants, usually issued for a two-year period. A number of batch themed grants is discussed. The results of the Board, Standing Committee and Working Group activities, as well as scientifc projects coordinated by the ENFSI are presented. The interaction of ENFSI with external partners, primarily with members of the International Forensic Strategic Alliance uniting all major expert networks is briefly analyzed.

The globalization processes in Europe have allowed international crime to become more global and diversified. The appliance of various forms of forensic knowledge and expertise plays an essential role in current judicial proceedings. Among multiple European cooperation formats, the Council of Europe holds a special place as an international organization that promotes cooperation among its members in standards of the rule of law, human rights, democratic development, and cultural interaction. The year 2021 marks a quarter of a century since the Russian Federation’s participation in the Council of Europe. The authors perceive this date’s significance through the interaction of Russian and European forensic organizations within the framework of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI). It was Russia’s membership in the Council of Europe that allowed the lead forensic institutions of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Justice to join ENFSI and actively participate in its work for many years. The article observes the chronology of the key ENFSI events highlighting its evolvement as the lead pan-European forensic expert organization, the basic principles of which were predetermined by the Council of Europe. As an illustrative example of previous cooperation in solving challenging expert problems is proposed the international program initiated by the Russian party and implemented by ENFSI in 2005–2008 to validate complex methods to identify the products containing platinum group metals produced by mining and metallurgical companies. Subsequently, the consolidated position of European and Russian forensic experts at the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum venue in 2013–2015 served as a powerful impetus for practical development of standardization and accreditation issues in forensic science in Russia. Current problematics of cooperation is mainly devoted to the issues of ensuring the quality of forensic examination, reliability of its conclusions, consolidation of expert databases. The authors also note some interaction problems between forensic organizations resulting from different legal systems, cultural traditions, and scientific schools.