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A total of 300 milk samples from buffaloes were evaluated for mastitis and incidence of E. coli. Overall, 157 milk samples (52.33%) were positive for mastitis and out of these positive isolates, 27 bacterial isolates (17.19 %) were identified as E. coli. All the 27 isolates of E. coli were tested for in vitro sensitivity towards 15 antibacterial drugs. The highest resistance was attributed towards antibiotic Kanamycin followed by Cefotaxime, Trimethoprim, Cefotaxime + Clavulanic acid, Amoxycillin, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Ampicillin + Salbactum, Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin. Simultaneously resistance to 2 to 9 antibacterial agents, was observed in all 27 (100%) isolates.

Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary glands that is prevalent in dairy bovines. It causes a significant proportion of economic losses to the dairy farmers in India. Cattle and buffalo farming contribute significantly to the economy of the state. Various infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and algae may cause mastitis. Hence, it is essential to understand the etiological agents and predisposing factors that lead to mastitis in susceptible bovine populations in Madhya Pradesh state so that appropriate prevention and control strategies can be implemented. In this chapter, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and control measures of mastitis in general and in India, the state of Madhya Pradesh, in particular, will be presented.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects domestic livestock population of India causing heavy economic losses to the animal owners. Clinical form of the disease is readily noticed in susceptible livestock population mainly cattle, buffalo and pigs but saliently maintained in carrier animals. Foot-and-mouth disease control programme (FMDCP) is run in India by adopting series of measures from clinical diagnosis of the disease in the field, to sending clinical samples for laboratory diagnosis and till selection of vaccine candidates. Vaccines are used to cover all the susceptible livestock population. This is expected to minimise economic losses to the livestock owners due to the disease. The Government of India has been carrying out intensive FMDCP in a phase wise manner since 2003-2004 and subsequently by 2017-2018; it has covered all the districts of the country. The FMDCP is intending to vaccinate all the susceptible livestock population of the country such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs. That exercise was adopted to make the country free of the disease till 2025-2030. Directorate on FMD is functioning untiringly in this regard and International center on FMD has been set up to serve the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. In the present chapter merits and shortfalls in the Foot-and-mouth disease prevention and control strategy will be discussed.

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Background: Canine parvovirus-2 causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract in dogs. Dogs from Mhow and Indore area suffering from symptoms related to gastroenteritis were investigated for the presence of Canine parvovirus-2 infection. Methods: A total of 50 faecal samples from dogs (33 male and 17 female) were collected individually in 5 ml of phosphate buffer saline solution in sterile containers. These samples were tested in haemagglutination assay using pig red blood cells for the presence of Canine parvovirus-2 specific antigen and in a molecular test, polymerase chain reaction, using primers to amplify Canine parvovirus-2 specific product of 681 base pairs. Result: A total of 5 faecal samples (10%) tested positive in haemagglutination assay indicative of presence of Canine parvoviral-2 antigen in the faecal material. Haemagglutinating titre for positive samples ranged from 32 to 1024. Only one faecal sample found positive in polymerase chain reaction test for amplification of Canine parvovirus-2 specific product. The results of the present study indicate presence of Canine parvoviral-2 infection in pet dogs suffering from gastroenteritis, however at a low level.

Background: Paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease in domestic livestock population is caused by the bacteria, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. The disease in cattle is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis leading to diarrhoea (intermittent or continuous) followed by weakness and emaciation in the affected animals. This research aimed to test cattle population, serologically, for detecting level of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Methods: In the present study, a total of 180 serum samples from individual cattle of Indore district in Madhya Pradesh tested in a serological test, indigenous enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Result: A total of 49 cattle (27.2%) were found positive in the test for the bio-presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection.

Present study was aimed to estimate the bio-incidence of Bovine Johne"s disease in native population of buffaloes (Murrah, Zaffarabadi and Bhadawari) in dairy farms and farmer"s herds located in Central and North India. Total 156 serum samples were screened from a dairy herd in Kiratpur (Malwa region), and 41.0% buffaloes were positive for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection using "Indigenous ELISA kit". In another study, 101 young males (farmer"s herds) from the native tract (Jind / Rohtak, Haryana) of Murrah breed were screened and 80.1% were reported positive by kit. In a farm herd of Bhadawari buffaloes in its native tract (Etawah district in Uttar Pradesh) and dairy herd of Murrah buffaloes procured from native tract and kept in Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, In the two farms 20.0% buffaloes were screened and 71.4% were positive by fecal Microscopy. Study reported high bio-incidence of BJD in native breeds of buffaloes in Malwa region of Central India, Etawah and Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) and Jind / Rohtak (Haryana) regions of North India, despite high slaughter rate, for meat harvesting. Goat based 'Indigenous ELISA kit' was employed for screening since commercial kits were costly for the screening of buffaloes. Moreover Imported 'ELISA kits' were based on PPA from 'Cattle Type' biotype', a different strain from other geographical regions / country. "Indigenous ELISA kit" using native 'Indian Bison type' biotype was efficient, specific and cost effective 'mass screening' test to estimate bio-incidence of BJD in large population of buffaloes at National level.