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A total of 300 milk samples from buffaloes were evaluated for mastitis and incidence of E. coli. Overall, 157 milk samples (52.33%) were positive for mastitis and out of these positive isolates, 27 bacterial isolates (17.19 %) were identified as E. coli. All the 27 isolates of E. coli were tested for in vitro sensitivity towards 15 antibacterial drugs. The highest resistance was attributed towards antibiotic Kanamycin followed by Cefotaxime, Trimethoprim, Cefotaxime + Clavulanic acid, Amoxycillin, Cefixime, Tetracycline, Ampicillin + Salbactum, Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin. Simultaneously resistance to 2 to 9 antibacterial agents, was observed in all 27 (100%) isolates.

Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary glands that is prevalent in dairy bovines. It causes a significant proportion of economic losses to the dairy farmers in India. Cattle and buffalo farming contribute significantly to the economy of the state. Various infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and algae may cause mastitis. Hence, it is essential to understand the etiological agents and predisposing factors that lead to mastitis in susceptible bovine populations in Madhya Pradesh state so that appropriate prevention and control strategies can be implemented. In this chapter, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and control measures of mastitis in general and in India, the state of Madhya Pradesh, in particular, will be presented.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects domestic livestock population of India causing heavy economic losses to the animal owners. Clinical form of the disease is readily noticed in susceptible livestock population mainly cattle, buffalo and pigs but saliently maintained in carrier animals. Foot-and-mouth disease control programme (FMDCP) is run in India by adopting series of measures from clinical diagnosis of the disease in the field, to sending clinical samples for laboratory diagnosis and till selection of vaccine candidates. Vaccines are used to cover all the susceptible livestock population. This is expected to minimise economic losses to the livestock owners due to the disease. The Government of India has been carrying out intensive FMDCP in a phase wise manner since 2003-2004 and subsequently by 2017-2018; it has covered all the districts of the country. The FMDCP is intending to vaccinate all the susceptible livestock population of the country such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs. That exercise was adopted to make the country free of the disease till 2025-2030. Directorate on FMD is functioning untiringly in this regard and International center on FMD has been set up to serve the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. In the present chapter merits and shortfalls in the Foot-and-mouth disease prevention and control strategy will be discussed.