The effects of alkali type and pH on the physical properties of carrageenan have been extensively studied. However, their effects on certain characteristics of solid-state properties of carrageenan have not been identified. This research aimed to investigate the effect of alkaline solvent type and pH on the solid physical properties of carrageenan isolated from Eucheuma cottonii. Carrageenan was extracted from the algae using NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2 at pHs of 9, 11, and 13. Based on the results of preliminary characterization, including yield, ash content, pH, sulphate content, viscosity, and gel strength, it was found that all samples followed Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) specifications. The swelling capacity of carrageenan based on the type of alkali was KOH > NaOH > Ca(OH)2. The FTIR spectra of all samples were in agreement with that of standard carrageenan. The molecular weight (MW) of carrageenan using KOH as the alkali followed the order pH 13 > pH 9 > pH 11, while using NaOH, the order was pH 9 > pH 13 > pH 11, and while using Ca(OH)2, the order was pH 13 > pH 9 > pH 11. The results of the solid-state physical characterization of carrageenan with the highest MW in each type of alkali showed that the morphology of carrageenan using Ca(OH)2 has a cubic shape and is more crystal-like. The order of crystallinity of carrageenan using different types of alkali was Ca(OH)2 (14.44%) > NaOH (9.80%) > KOH (7.91%), while the order of density was Ca(OH)2 > KOH > NaOH. The order of solid fraction (SF) of the carrageenan was KOH > Ca(OH)2 > NaOH, while the tensile strength when using KOH was 1.17, when using NaOH it was 0.08, and while using Ca(OH)2, it was 0.05. The bonding index (BI) of carrageenan using KOH = 0.04, NaOH = 0.02, and Ca(OH)2 = 0.02. The brittle fracture index (BFI) of the carrageenan was KOH = 0.67, NaOH = 0.26, and Ca(OH)2 = 0.04. The order of carrageenan solubility in water was NaOH > KOH > Ca(OH)2. These data can be used as the basis for the development of carrageenan for excipients in solid dosage forms.
Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a family of Zingiberaceae. Several studies have shown that kencur can help reduce inflammation because kencur is known to contain anti-inflammatory compounds, namely marker compounds from flavonoids, kaempferol. For the development of pharmaceutical preparations, research on anti-inflammatory plasters containing 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and 70% ethanol extract from ginger rhizome with the addition of penetration enhancer (enhancer), namely propylene glycol. This anti-inflammatory plaster was tested for its activity in 5 groups of Wistar strain rat feet which had been induced 1% carrageenan (negative control); positive control (diclofenac sodium), ethanol96% extract, n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and 70% ethanol extract from kencur rhizome and compared with plaster of kencur rhizome ethanol extract without enhancer. The results showed the effect of adding enhancers 30 minutes after administration. 96% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract had reduced inflammation by 79.99% in rat test animals compared to plaster ethanol extract of rhizome kencur without the addition of enhancers. Keywords : Kaempferia galanga. L., patch, anti-inflammatory, enhancer, propylene glycol
Buah stroberi (Fragaria X ananassa D.) diketahui memiliki banyak manfaat yang luar biasa bagi kesehatan tubuh, terutama sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sediaan krim yang mengandung sari buah stroberi yang dapat memberikan efek antioksidan dan memiliki stabilitas yang baik. Formula krim dibuat dengan konsentrasi sari buah stroberi 0,015 %, 0,15 %, dan 0.30 % dengan komposisi asam stearat 20%, setil alkohol 1%, propilenglikol 10%, trietanolamin 2%, gliserin 10%, nipagin 0.10 %, nipasol 0,05 % dan akuades. Kestabilan sediaan fisik krim diuji melalui pengamatan perubahan organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, uji keamanan iritasi dan uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-Difenyl-1-pycrylhydrazil). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa sediaan tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan terhadap pH, homogenitas maupun viskositas. Seluruh sediaan krim memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 52.59 ppm and 66.96 ppm dan tidak menyebabkan iritasi.Kata kunci : Stroberi (Fragaria X ananassa D), krim, antioksidan, metode DPPH, IC50.
Kelarutan merupakan faktor fisikokimia penting yang mempengaruhi bioavailabilitas dan efektivitas terapi obat. Sekitar 40% atau lebih dari kandidat obat yang tersedia memiliki kelarutan yang rendah dalam air sehingga kelarutan dari zat aktif perlu ditingkatkan agar bioavailabilitasnya ikut meningkat, salah satunya dengan cara teknik kokristalisasi. Dalam studi ini akan dikemukakan review terkait pengaruh pembentukan kokristal zat aktif yang memiliki kelarutan rendah dalam air menggunakan koformer golongan asam karboksilat dengan metode solvent evaporation dan solvent drop grinding terhadap peningkatan bioavailabilitas. Zat aktif yang berhasil dibuat kokristal dengan peningkatan bioavailabilitas menggunakan koformer golongan asam karboksilat dengan metode solvent evaporation yaitu apixaban, aceclofenac, klorbipram, telmisartan, paliperidon, dan metronidazol, sedangkan untuk metode solvent drop grinding diantaranya ketokonazol, meloksikam, dipfluzin, asam galat, gliclazid, dan itrakonazol. Berdasarkan kajian pustaka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembentukan kokristal menggunakan koformer golongan asam karboksilat dengan metode solvent evaporation dan solvent drop grinding berpotensi meningkatkan bioavailabilitas zat aktif. Peningkatan terjadi karena terbentuk ikatan hidrogen antara zat aktif dengan koformernya serta adanya fase kristal baru yang menandakan kokristal telah terbentuk dan mengindikasikan peningkatan kelarutan sehingga bioavailabilitasnya ikut meningkat. Kata kunci: Bioavailabilitas, kokristal, koformer golongan asam karboksilat, kokristal, solvent drop grinding, solvent evaporation.
Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with high permeability and low solubility. The aims of this research is to improve the solubility and dissolution of the IBU by reducing particle size using ultrasonic spray drying method and utilizing watersoluble polymer (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) and surfactant (sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)) for particles formulation. The results showed that increasing amount of PVA, smaller particle size of as-prepared IBU-PVA-SLS was obtained, 6.3-fold smaller than untreated IBU. The in vitro drug release study for simulated gastric fluid without enzymes (0.1 N HCl or Buffer pH 1.2) shows the dissolution of prepared IBU-PVA-SLS significantly increase 2.4-fold higher than untreated IBU for dissolution time of 30 minutes. While the solubility of the IBU-PVA-SLS was increased 4.7-fold compare to untreated IBU. In general, IBU possessing relatively high dissolution in intestinal fluid. In contrast, the finding of recent investigation on dissolution of IBU-PVA-SLS is significantly increase in gastric fluid, either due to smaller particles size or PVA-SLS. Thus, despite the PVA and SLS determine the particles formation during polymerization yielding smaller particle size, they also responsible for effective drug delivery system. It was concluded that PVA and SLS in ultrasonic spray drying technique for IBU preparation successfully reduces the particle size and effectively enhances the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble IBU in 0.1 N HCl.
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