Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a pure partially depolymerized cellulose synthesized from α-cellulose precursor (type Iβ), obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids using hydrochloric acid to reduce the degree of polymerization. The MCC can be synthesized by different processes such as reactive extrusion, enzyme mediated, steam explosion, and acid hydrolysis. It is commonly manufactured by spray-drying the neutralized aqueous slurry of hydrolyzed cellulose. The MCC is a valuable additive in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and other industries. MMC obtained from different sources will differ considerably in chemical composition, structural organization, and physicochemical properties (crystallinity, moisture content, surface area and porous structure, molecular weight, etc.). The high demand of microcrystalline cellulose used in pharmaceutical industries has led to the utilization of locally and naturally occurring materials in the production of microcrystalline cellulose. Many studies on the physicochemical properties of locally produced MCC derived from natural sources have been extensively evaluated in the development of a new natural source for MCC as a substitution of wood, the most abundant one.

Objective: The objective of this study was to design a product of anti-acne gel containing Citrus aurantifolia fruit juice as an effective antibacterial to treat acne caused by Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis using carbopol as a gelling agent. Methods:The fresh juice of C. aurantifolia fruit was obtained by juicer and pasteurized for 30 min at 65-70 °C. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fruit juice was determined using the microdilution method. Then, carbopol in different concentration was incorporated in a gel base formula to obtain a stable gel base. The fresh juice in different formulas (F1, F2 and F3) was evaluated for 28 d. The color, pH and viscosity of each formula were observed. In addition, the antibacterial potency of each formula was analyzed using the agar diffusion method against both tested bacteria. Results:The citrus MIC values of both test bacteria showed different results, 20-40 % v/v for P. acne and 5-10 % v/v for S. epidermidis. The MIC values were converted into in vivo concentration and the resulted concentrations for each formula were 25, 50 and 75 % v/v. For supporting the formula, the most stable base gel was achieved using carbopol 1 % as the gelling agent. Among three formulas, the anti-acne gel formula containing 75 % fruit juice with carbopol 1% was the best formula based on the physical and microbiological parameter.Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that the antiacne gel of fruit juice of C. aurantifolia with carbopol as a gelling agent could produce the effective and stable gel of anti-acne product.

α-Mangostin (α-M), one of the active compounds in Garcinia mangostana peel, has been effectively used in wound healing. However, its poor solubility in aqueous solution causes low bioavailability for skin ulcers, hindering its application in wound healing. The aim of this study was to improve the solubility of α-M through complex formation with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (α-M/HP-β-CD CX) and to evaluate the healing activity of the complex. The α-M/HP-β-CD CX was incorporated in a sodium carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel (α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG), and the in vivo healing activity was examined in mice. Evaluation of α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG, including organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, swelling ratio, consistency, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vitro drug release, was carried out. The complex formation of α-M/HP-β-CD CX was confirmed by FTIR and PXRD analysis. The solubility of the α-M/HP-β-CD CX in water linearly increased about 11.7-fold compared to α-M alone, and by 3.5-fold compared to the α-M/HP-β-CD physical mixture (α-M/HP-β-CD CX PM). The α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG was homogenous, the pH was found to be in the neutral range, the spread area was 5 cm, and the consistency was stable until 14 days. SEM analysis showed that α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG surged due to the porous structure of the HG. In addition, in vitro release of α-M from α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG was considerably increased compared to α-M/HP-β-CD PM HG and α-M HG. Notably, in vivo evaluation in mice showed that α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG significantly accelerated the wound healing ability compared to other HGs. Thus, α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG has potential as a new formulation of α-M for wound healing therapy.

The preparation of an eye medication is one of the most interesting and challenging for a pharmaceutical, because the typical and unique eye anatomy and physiology cause the difficulty of effective drug concentration to reach the target site. From some recent research has been developed an ophthalmic hydrogel dosage, which is an eye gel preparation that provides many advantages over the preparation of the eye ointment and may increase corneal permeability and can extend contact time with eyes, optimal drug concentration at the receptor so that it can be obtained good bioavailability. Ophthalmic hydrogel has been developed to discover the formula contained chloramphenicol 0.5% as active ingredients with the combination of gel hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, and carbomer of (0:1, 1:0, 2:1, 4:1) as the base. Formula was made by several stages which were mixing with the active ingredient, and sterilization using autoclave at 121ºC for 15 minutes. Results which covered organoleptic evaluation, pH. viscosity, and the levels of the active substance showed that F4 was the best formula. F4 had a watery consistency, clear and odorless, pH of 7.49, viscosity of 55 cP, and the levels of the active substance at 100%. Test observations ophthalmic hydrogel for 28 days of storage showed no changes in the organoleptic. pH and viscosity changes occured, but still within the range of requirements, but levels of the active substance was decreased around 52.82% -53.66%. The antibacterial activity of preparations ophthalmic gel showed that it was effective against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Ophthalmic hydrogel formulas on the basis of carbomer combinations and HPMC were successfully made and the best formula was F4, which was a formula with a ratio of 1: 4.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a disease marked by painful oral lesions on the buccal and labial mucosa or tongue. Drug delivery systems (DDS) for RAS include topical forms that manage wound healing, cover the ulcer, and relieve the associated pain. DDS targeting the oral mucosa face a major challenge, especially the short residence times in the mouth due to the effect of “saliva wash-out”, which continually removes the drug. The objective of this review is to study the development of preparation forms and delivery systems of various types and preparations that have been used for RAS management from 1965 until February 2020. There are 20 types of DDS for RAS which were discussed in 62 articles. The preparations were classified into 4 preparation forms: liquid, semi-solid, solid, and miscellaneous. In addition, the ultimate DDS for RAS preparations is the semi-solid forms (41.94%), which include 5 types of DDS are gel, paste, patch, cream, and ointment. This preparation was developed into new preparation form (11.29%), such as adhesive alginates, dentifrice, OraDisc, membranes, bioresorbable plates, pellicles, and gelosomes. Generally, the mucosal drug delivery system is the method of choice in RAS treatment because the ulcer is commonly located in the oral mucosa. In conclusion, these preparations are designed to improve drug delivery and drug activity for the treatment of RAS ulcers. Moreover, almost all of these DDS are topical preparations that use various types of mucoadhesive polymers to increase both residence time in the oral mucosa and pain relief in RAS treatment.

Karagenan merupakan polisakarida linier tersulfasi dari D-galaktosa dan 3, 6-anhidro-D-galaktosa yang diekstraksi secara komersial dari rumput laut merah kelas Rhodophyceae. Nama karagenan sendiri berasal dari spesies rumput laut yaitu Chondrus crispus yang dikenal sebagai Carrageen Moss atau Irish Moss di Inggris, dan Carraigin di Irlandia. Tiga tipe utama karagenan yang dibedakan berdasakan struktur diantaranya, kappa (κ), iota (ι), dan lambda (λ). Secara komersial karagenan digunakan sebagai agen pengental dan penstabil terutama pada produk makanan dan saus. Selain itu karagenan digunakan pada formulasi farmasetik dan kosmetik sebagai penstabil dalam sistem dispersi, pengatur viskositas dan sebagai pembentuk gel. Dalam bidang farmasetik karagenan banyak digunakan dalam sistem penghantaran obat untuk memperoleh kerja obat yang lebih panjang. Karagenan digunakan sebagai matriks tablet, ektruksi dalam pembuatan pelet, agen pembentuk gel, peningkat viskositas, peningkat permiabilitas dan digunakan pula dalam pembuatan mikrokapsul, beads serta nanopartikel. Selain itu karagenan juga digunakan dalam produksi antibiotik semi sintetik, tetrasiklin, klorotetrasiklin dan asam D-aspartat.Kata kunci: karagenan, aplikasi dalam bidang farmasetik, sistem penghantaran obat

Bawang Tiwai (Eleutherine americana (L.) Merr bulbus. is a typical plant from Kutai tribes which commonly used as an anti-bacterial and food coloring. The stability test is performed to determine the stability of the extract. Stability test was conducted in two solvents are distilled water and ethanol include the effects of temperature (25°C, 50°C, 80°C), pH (3, 5, 7), an oxidant for 6 hours, conditions of storage at room temperature and the temperature of the refrigerator for 24 hours and storage for 2 weeks. The absorbance of extract in ethanol and aquadest was decreasing due to the change of temperature, time, the presence of oxidator but due to pH changes, the absorbance of extract was increasing. Meanwhile, on the storage condition, showed the highest absorbance on dark, and room temperature storage compared to other condition.Key words: Eleutherine americana (L.) Merr bulbus, stability, color pigment

Avobenzone is UVA sunscreen active substances, which are unstable when exposed to UV radiation, especially UVA. Theaim of this study is to determine the effectiveness and photo stability avobenzone when combined with ethyl ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol acetate with various concentrations of ethyl ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol by in vitro using spectrophotometric method. The photostability study of the eight variations of formula showed that the formula3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 had significant differences with Formula 1 (p<0,05) and the best photostability represented by the formula 4 (avobenzone 2%, ethyl ascorbic acid2%) with avobenzone concentrations decrease by 11,82% for 15 hour using UVA lamp irradiation 4,7 mW/cm 2 . In effectiveness of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value determination showed moderate protection category (SPF ±6). The percent transmission of erythema and pigmentation test showed that cream had effectiveness as sunscreen by showing the category as sun block on the area pigmentation and not to erythema areas at concentration 1000 µg/ml.