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For low-dose warfarin treatment, the VKORC1-1639 G > A and CYP2C9 genotype variations affected the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin, while we could not find significant effects of CYP4F2 or CYP2C19 genotype variations on warfarin (metabolite) concentrations or PT-INR.

Objective Probiotics are beneficial in human health. In this study, we investigated the effect of probiotics on absorption of amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist used in the treatment of angina and hypertension, in a rabbit model. Methods Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 probiotic was administered for 14 days to male New Zealand rabbits. Blood samples were collected before and after probiotic supplementation. Amlodipine (10 mg) was then administered to all groups. Blood samples from a marginal vein were withdrawn at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes to determine amlodipine concentrations in rabbit plasma. Results Amlodipine concentrations in the L. plantarum IS-10506 group were 4.95 ± 1.22, 8.71 ± 0.69, and 12.48 ± 2.53 ng/ml, and those in the control group were 1.69 ± 0.31, 3.89 ± 1.23, and 7.17 ± 1.85 ng/ml at 30, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively after administration of amlodipine. Amlodipine concentrations in the L. plantarum IS-10506 group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after amlodipine administration. Conclusion Our results suggested that supplementation of L. plantarum IS-10506 significantly increases amlodipine plasma concentrations in rabbits.

Ketoprofen or [2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionic acid] is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory and analgesic agent. The positive qualities of ketoprofen are based on optimal physicochemical and structural characteristics, its ability to penetrate into and accumulate in the inflammation centers and compatibility with other classes of drugs. This compound is practically insoluble in water, therefore as most of NSAID drugs, it is categorized as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II. A widely used to enhance the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs is co-crystallization. A co-crystal is a multi-component crystal which involves non-covalent interactions between API and its co-formers. In this work, we developed virtual screening of co-formers for ketoprofen by employing molecular docking method. AutoDock was used for docking. Parameters observed were type and energy (Ei) of interaction. The work was continued by co-crystallization process and solubility assay of the mixtures according to Higuchi and Connor method using UV spectrophotometer. Based on molecular docking, the best co-former is saccharin (Ei = -3.14 kcal/mol). The docking result fits the solubility assay of the ketoprofen-saccharin co-crystal (300.62 μg/mL in water or 256.54% increasing of solubility compared to ketoprofen). Ketoprofen co-crystal shows better curve (90.15 % in 60 minutes) than ketoprofen (78.87 % in 60 minutes). Co-crystallization of ketoprofen with saccharin increases the dissolution profile of ketoprofen.

Secretome, also known as conditioned medium, is a secreted molecule from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that has a variety of biological activities that can be used in various therapies, especially on the skin applications. A lack of conventional therapies makes secretome as a promising alternative therapy. The presence of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles including microvesicles and exosomes in secretome has been widely reported, which serves in improving the proliferation and migration of cells to help in skin regeneration. Therefore, we were able to optimize the use of this secretome in a well-needed special review related to its work in addressing various skin problems. So, in this article, we discussed the benefits and biological activity of secretome on the skin application. This review was compiled based on the approval of several sites, such as Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with the terms "MSC secretome for skin," "secretome for skin," "secretome dermatology," "secretome conditioned medium for skin," "secretome conditioned medium for skin wound," "secretome conditioned medium for aging," "secretome conditioned medium for hair growth," and "secretome conditioned medium for psoriasis." A total of 215 articles were collected for selection, of which 90 articles were used. Based on the results, it was concluded that secretome has a variety of useful activities to regenerate and repair tissue damage that have not been used on the skin, such as for wound healing, photoprotection, promotion of hair growth, psoriasis treatment, and other application as antimicrobial.

ABSTRAKHiperpigmentasi merupakan kelainan kulit wajah yang umum terjadi, terutama karena adanya peningkatan melanogenesis, dengan gambaran berupa warna kulit menjadi hitam atau coklat kehitaman. Kelainan ini terdapat pada beberapa macam penyakit kulit diantaranya melasma, melanoderma paska inflamasi, lentigo solaris dan freckles. Salah satu prinsip penanganan hiperpigmentasi yaitu menghambat sintesis melanin yang dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan agen depigmentasi yang mekanisme kerjanya menghambat aktivitas enzim tirosinase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji potensi kulit jeruk nipis sebagai inhibitor tirosinase. Kulit jeruk nipis diektraksi dengan etanol 96 %, identifikasi flavonoid, menghitung flavonoid total, kemudian diuji inhibisi tirosinase menggunakan instrumen microplate reader (ELISA). Hasil penelitian ekstrak kulit jeruk mengandung flavonid, dengan total flavonid totalnya 0,667 % b/b dan inhibition concentration (IC) 50 42,11 mg/mL, Kulit jeruk berpotensi sebagai inhibisi tirosinase. Kata kunci: Citrus auronfolia, Hiperpigmentasi, IC 50 , Tirosinase POTENCY OF LEMON PEEL (Citrus auronfolia) WASTE AS TIROSINASE INHIBITOR ABSTRACTHyperpigmentation is a common skin disorder, mainly due to an increase in melanogenesis, with the appearance of skin color to black or dark brown. The disorder is present in several skin diseases such as melasma, post-inflammatory melanoderma, solaris lentigo and freckles. One of the principles of hyperpigmentation is to inhibit melanin synthesis that can be done by using depigmentation agent whose mechanism of action inhibits the activity of tyrosinase enzymes. This study aims to test the potential of lime peel as a tyrosinase inhibitor. Lemon peel was extracted with 96% ethanol, flavonoid identification, total flavonoid count, then tested inhibition of tyrosinase using microplate reader (ELISA) instrument. The results of citrus skin extract studies contain flavonid, with total flavonid total of 0.667% w / w and inhibition concentration (IC) 50 42.11 mg / mL, orange peel potency as inhibition of tyrosinase.Kata Kunci: Citrus auronfolia, Hyperpigmentation, IC 50 , Tirosinase PendahuluanMelanin merupakan zat yang memberikan warna coklat atau coklat kehitaman pada kulit, berperan sebagai pelindung kulit terhadap paparan radiasi ultra violet (UV). 1Proses pembentukan senyawa melanin (melanogenesis) terjadi dengan bantuan biokatalis terutama enzim tirosinase. Enzim tirosinase mengkatalisis dua reaksi utama dalam biosintesis melanin, yaitu hidroksilasi L-tirosin menjadi L-dopa dan oksidasi L-dopa menjadi dopakuinon. Senyawa dopakuinon mempunyai kereaktifan yang sangat tinggi dan dapat dipolimerisasi secara spontan membentuk

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Regenerative therapy with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of chronic wounds. However, KGF cannot be used directly to the wound site due to its physicochemical instability. In previous study, sacran, a natural megamolecular polysaccharide, showed potential properties as a biomaterial for hydrogel film in wound healing. In this study, we fabricated sacran hydrogel film containing KGF (Sac/KGF-HF) and evaluated the effects of Sac/KGF-HF on fibroblasts migration and reepithelialization process. We successfully prepared a homogenous and-amorphous Sac/KGF-HF by a casting method. In addition, Sac/KGF-HF had a high swelling ratio and flexibility. Sac/KGF-HF promoted a migration process of NIH3T3 cells and improved wound healing ability in mice with a percentage of wound closure reaching 90.4% at 9 d. Interestingly, the addition of KGF in Sac-HF considerably increased the number of epithelial cells compared to control, which is important in the re-epithelialization process. It could be concluded that KGF in Sac-HF has the potential for promoting Sac-HF abilities in wound healing process.