Effluents generated by the food industry have become a serious environmental concern. Bioremediation is a biological process developed as an alternative for the treatment of contaminated areas. In current research, the biodegradation of fat, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and total solids were evaluated in dairy waste employing enzymatic extract of Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC 9773 as biological agents. All the variables were determined following the specifications of the Standard Methods of the American Water Works Association. Enzymatic extract of Y. lipolytica at different concentrations (8, 12 and 16.0%) was used in a fermentative medium at two pHs (5.0 and 6.5) for 32 h. The highest percentages (%) of fat (82.88), BOD (43.32), COD (44.3) and total solids (13.58) removal were obtained using an inoculum concentration of 16% at pH 5.0 for 32 h of fermentation. These results may have industrial relevance for the reduction of contamination of industrial effluents with high levels of fat and other contaminants.

In this paper the effect of a microencapsulant binary system composed by sodium alginate (SA) and high acyl gellan (HAG) in the protection of Lactobacillus delbrueckii under simulated gastric conditions was evaluated. Microencapsulation is a technique that involves wrapping an active ingredient in order to protect them against deleterious environmental conditions. The results indicated that it is possible to maintain the viability of Lactobacillus delbrueckii at 50% after 4 h exposure to simulated gastric juices when AS and HAG are used as wall system. The free microorganisms completely lose their viability at 180 minute exposure. Therefore, microencapsulation can be a useful technique in the production of functional foods maintaining therapeutic levels of probiotic bacteria.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la viscoelasticidad dinámica lineal de biopelículas obtenidas con glicerol al 12 % (v/v), goma gelana (GG), concentrado de proteína de suero lácteo (CPS) y sus mezclas. Las biopelículas basadas en biopolímeros funcionales y concentrado de proteína de suero lácteo (CPS) son una alternativa en la industria alimentaria al empaque tradicional de alimentos con materiales sintéticos, por lo cual se hace necesario realizar estudios iniciales de tipo técnico. Para la caracterización de las biopelículas se utilizó análisis reológico dinámico y curvas de Creep ajustadas al modelo de Burgers. Todas las biopelículas estudiadas se comportaron como sistemas reológicos con características predominantemente elásticas. El comportamiento de los módulos dinámicos puede ser un indicativo de la formación de redes interdependientes de la GG y el CPS. Por tanto, es posible utilizar estos materiales individualmente o en mezclas, para la obtención de biopelículas activas y recubrir diversos sistemas alimentarios sólidos.

*Autor a quien debe ser dirigida la correspondenciaRecibido Abr. 4, 2014; Aceptado Jun. 26, 2014; Versión final recibida Ago. 15, 2014 Resumen En este trabajo se estudió la influencia de la microencapsulación de Lactobacillus acidophilus empleando un sistema gelificante binario, en la obtención de yogures blandos, evaluando los parámetros fisicoquímicos y reológicos después del proceso de incubación. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la microencapsulación de L. acidophilus incrementa la viscosidad y carácter visco elástico del yogurt. Sin embargo, el análisis sensorial llevado a cabo no mostró diferencias entre los yogures obtenidos con L. acidophilus microencapsulado y en estado libre. En cuanto a los análisis fisicoquímicos, los cambios en los valores de lactosa, grasa y proteína sugieren una mayor actividad metabólica por parte de Lactobacillus acidophilus microencapsulado, lo cual se evidencia por el mayor número de células bacterianas obtenidas. Por tal motivo, la microencapsulación bacteriana puede ser una técnica interesante para llevar a cabo la inclusión de bacterias probióticas en sistemas alimentarios ácidos, sin ocasionar pérdida de los atributos sensoriales del producto alimenticio. Palabras clave: yogurt blando, microencapsulación, propiedades reológicas, propiedades bromatológicas Microencapsulation Effects on the Rheological and Physicochemical Properties of Soft Yoghurt AbstractIn this paper the influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus microencapsulation using a gelling binary system, in obtaining of soft yogurts, was studied, evaluating bromatological and rheological parameters. The results show that L. acidophilus microencapsulation increases viscosity and viscoelastic yogurt characteristics. However, the sensory analysis conducted did not show differences between yoghurt elaborated with L. acidophilus microencapsulated and yoghurt in free state. With respect to the physicochemical analysis, changes in the lactose, fat and protein values suggest an increase in the metabolic activity by L. acidophilus microencapsulated, which is evidenced by the increasing number of bacterial cells obtained at the end of the incubation period. Therefore, bacterial microencapsulation can be an interesting technique to perform the inclusion of probiotic bacteria in acidic food systems, without causing loss of the sensory attributes of the food product.

En la actualidad la industria alimentaria está enfocada principalmente en la diversificación de los productos probióticos debido a los efectos beneficiosos que estos proporcionan a la salud de los consumidores. El objetivo del siguiente trabajo de investigación fue elaborar un queso crema suplementado con sólidos de lactosuero e inoculado con Lactobacillus casei. Para lo cual se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos al lactosuero y a la leche cruda, así como al queso crema, además se evaluó parámetros microbiológicos al producto final con el fin de estimar la calidad del mismo. Los resultados indicaron que es posible obtener un queso crema con calidad óptima ya que se obtuvieron resultados de proteína y grasa comparables con el producto comercial. Igualmente es importante destacar que Lactobacillus casei se conservó viable durante 15 días a las diferentes diluciones evaluadas, 10-4, 10-5 y 10-6, con valores de UFC de 1.79E+06, 1.35E+07 y 6.80E+07, respectivamente. El queso crema mantuvo calidad microbiológica debido a que no se apreció crecimiento de microorganismos indeseables.

Public management of street food is a challenge in many countries. In Colombia, despite the extent of the economic, social, and food contributions of the segment and the concern from the public health perspective, the amount of research on the subject still remains insufficient. Thus, this study aimed to establish a panorama of the street food trade in Colombia, considering its mode of operation, food security, and regulatory context, based on the scientific literature published between 2000 and 2018. A literature review was carried out in the Medline, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, Redalyc, and Google Scholar databases, as well as in the University of Colombia's institutional repositories and scientific books. A set of 19 publications were selected and evaluated for three dimensions—work and culture, food safety, and regulation—according to the objectives and methodologies applied. In category 1, relative to work and culture, five studies were retrieved (26.3%), highlighting the economic and social contribution of the sector and the protection of food cultural heritage. Category 2, referring to hygiene and microbiological safety in the activity, covers 11 publications (57.9%) and comprised the largest research field of interest in the country. Among the food pathogens surveyed, Salmonella spp. were the most investigated, registering nonconformity in the samples (6.55%). Category 3, with three articles (15.8%), covered public policies and regulation of the segment, highlighting the challenges to regulating the sector and the need for intersectional articulation in administrative policies. The results confirm both the relevance of the segment to food security and the concern with microbiological hazards, demanding strategies to improve its regulation and functioning in the country, with the aim of protecting the health of consumers. HIGHLIGHTS

RESUMOFrutas in natura -descascadas, cortadas e embaladas -comercializadas em via pública, compreendem parte da comida de rua na Colômbia. Embora sejam uma opção saudável, esses alimentos são susceptíveis à contaminação microbiológica. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a segurança microbiológica de frutas prontas para o consumo comercializadas pelo segmento de comida de rua, no Centro Histórico de Cartagena de Índias, Colômbia. Realizou-se um estudo transversal, quantitativo, com coleta de 40 amostras de frutas, sendo 16 de manga, 11 de mamão e 13 de melancia, obtidas junto a 21 pontos de venda. As amostras foram submetidas às seguintes análises microbiológicas: Número Mais Provável de coliformes totais e fecais, contagem total de aeróbios mesófilos e de bolores e leveduras. Em relação aos padrões vigentes no país, os resultados revelaram que quase todas as amostras estavam não conformes para coliformes totais e a totalidade estava em desacordo para fecais, pelo que se considera não seguras para o consumo humano. Entre as amostras, não houve diferença significativa nos valores de mediana registrados, para os distintos grupos microbianos pesquisados. Como fatores associados ao quadro de não conformidade, foram consideradas condições e práticas precárias de higiene, manuseio e conservação das frutas, nos pontos de venda. Os achados evidenciam a necessidade da adoção de Boas Práticas de Produção pelos vendedores, bem como do desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção, por parte dos órgãos da saúde, visando à proteção dos consumidores.Palavras-chave: comida de rua, alimentos prontos para o consumo, segurança de alimentos, vigilância sanitária.

This study focuses on the development of a secondary model for Yarrowia lipolytica in a sewage treatment process. The raw data of Y. lipolytica growth were adjusted to the Buchanan model in order to obtain growth parameters such as initial count cells (Y0), maximum specific growth rate (μmax), latency phase (λ) and maximum cell population (Ymax). The µ values obtained at different pH levels (5.0 to 8.0) were used to build the secondary model based on a linear equation. The results showed a significant effect of pH on µmax values. The validation process of the developed models displays accuracy (Af) and bias factor (Bf) values close to one, while the values of root mean square error (RMSE) were low, confirming that such models can predict the growth of Y. lipolytica in dairy wastewater. This can be interesting to optimize sewage treatments that involve this kind of microorganism. Moreover, the dairy wastewater was a good substrate to support the Yarrowia lipolytica's growth and could be used to produce enzymes.