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The prevalence of dyslipidemia in Indonesia continues to increase. Free radicals are increasing the occurrence of diseases, one of them is dyslipidemia. Previous studies showed that antioxidant compounds have strong potential as dyslipidemia drug. The mechanism action of dyslipidemia treatment is inhibiting cholesterol synthesis through the HMG CoA reductase and cholesterol absorption mediated with lipase. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity along with the inhibition of HMG CoA reductase and lipase in a combination of ethanolic extract of Anredera cordifolia leaf (EB) with ethanolic extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome (ET) and its single form. The antioxidant activity test was conducted using DPPH method by making serial dilution of samples and ascorbic acid with adding DPPH and methanol as standard. The inhibitory activity of HMG CoA and lipase was conducted by making a series concentration of sample as well as simvastatin as the comparison. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity is in ET samples IC50 16.21 ± 1.74 µg/mL, but was less potential compared to ascorbic acid IC50 7,63±0,85 µg/mL. The most potential inhibition of HMG CoA and lipase is in ET samples IC50 8.35 ± 0.02 and 22.35 ± 1.26 µg/mL. The combination of ET-EB (1: 1) is better than EB but lower than ET in antioxidant activity as well as the inhibition of HMG CoA reductase and lipase. The result showed a correlation that the higher antioxidant activity, the higher inhibitory of HMG CoA reductase and lipase respectively.

Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) is a member of family of Rubiaceae. In Asia including Indonesia, extracts of gambir are empirically used daily to weed out. The high content of catechin flavonoids in gambir has a pharmacological effect in the treatment of hyperlipidemia that potential to be developed into traditional medicine. This literature review aimed to examine the potency of pharmacological effect of gambir as hyperlipidemia treatment therapy based on the results of studies in silico, in vitro, in vivo pharmacological effects and its safety to provide evidence of scientific information to the community. The literatures used for analysis in this study including evidence-based articles on both pharmacology and safety which are available in Pubmed and Google Scholar. The results showed a very strong potency of gambir plants in the treatment of hyperlipidemia with catechin as bioactive compounds. In silico study revealed mechanism action of catechin as antihyperlipidemic using 2 pathways, inhibition of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase and increase the LDL receptors. In vitro studies of catechin are able to inhibit lipid absorption in the intestine through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity, lipid hydrolysis and emulsification, micelle cholesterol deposition. Pre-clinical tests on animals showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of gambir leaves was able to reduce the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increase blood plasma HDL. The long-term use of gambir leaves has been proven to be safe, not mutagenic, no hematological, clinical biochemical abnormalities and no abnormalities in the vital organs of the animal models. Abstrak Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) adalah tumbuhan perdu dari suku Rubiaceae. Di Asia termasuk Indonesia, secara empiris ekstrak gambir digunakan sehari-hari untuk menyirih. Kandungan flavonoid katekin yang tinggi dalam gambir memiliki efek farmakologi dalam pengobatan hiperlipidemia yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi obat tradisional. Kajian literatur ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji potensi farmakologi gambir sebagai terapi pengobatan hiperlipidemia berdasarkan hasil studi efek farmakologi in silico, in vitro, in vivo efek farmakologi dan keamanannya, sehingga memberikan bukti informasi ilmiah kepada masyakarat. Literatur yang digunakan dalam proses review meliputi literatur dengan berbasis bukti baik farmakologi maupun keamanan yang tersedia di Pubmed dan Google Scholar. Hasil kajian menunjukkan potensi yang sangat kuat dari tanaman gambir dalam pengobatan hiperlipidemia dengan katekin sebagai senyawa bioaktif utama. Studi in silico menunjukkan mekanisme aksi katekinsebagai antihiperlipidemia menggunakan dua jalur yaitu penghambatan enzim HMG-CoA reduktase dan peningkatan reseptor LDL. Studi in vitro katekin mampu menghambat penyerapan lipid di usus melalui penghambatan aktivitas lipase pankreas, hidrolisis lipid dan emulsifikasi, serta pengendapan kolesterol misel. Studi in vivo menunjukkan fraksi etil asetat daun gambir mampu menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida, LDL dan meningkatkan HDL plasma darah. Penggunaan daun gambir dalam jangka panjang terbukti aman, tidak mutagen, tidak ditemukan kelainan hematologi, biokimia klinis dan tidak menyebabkan kelainan organ vital hewan uji.

ABSTRACT Gambir leaves (Uncaria  gambir Roxb.) is a plant that has been widely used by people for traditional medicine. The main compound of gambir extract is a (+)-catechin that has been proven as anti-dental plaque, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antihyperlipidemic. This study aims to validate a method for the quantitative determination of catechin in ethyl acetate fraction of gambir extract based on spectrophotometry. The validation was conducted by measuring the linearity, accuracy, and ruggedness of the method that fulfills the requirements along with the limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) determination. Determining the precision (based on %RSD and CV), 100 ppm of catechin were made to 7 replicates while accuracy was evaluated by calculating the recovery. The ruggedness of the method is determined by analyzing it on a different day. The linearity was determined by assessing the r-value on the relation between the absorbance curve and standard series concentration. The LoD and LoQ could be calculated based on the standard curve equation. The results showed the method fulfilled the linearity requirement with R 0.9996; had precision in 1.23% RSD; had accuracy in the range of 100.80% to 101.64%; the method ruggedness was not significantly different; had 3.85 ppm of LoD and 12.84 ppm of LoQ. The validation method showed a valid result, and the method can be used for routine analysis on the measurement of catechin in ethyl acetate fraction of gambir extract. Keywords: Catechin, Uncaria gambir, Method Validation, Spectrophotometry   ABSTRAK Daun gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) merupakan tanaman yang telah banyak dimanfaatkan masyarakat dalam pengobatan tradisional. Senyawa utama ekstrak gambir adalah (+)-katekin yang telah terbukti sebagai anti plak gigi, antioksidan, antibakteri, dan antihiperlipidemia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memvalidasi suatu metode penentuan kuantitatif katekin dalam fraksi etil asetat ekstrak gambir secara spektrofotometri. Validasi dilakukan dengan mengukur linearitas, akurasi, dan kekasaran metode yang memenuhi persyaratan beserta penetapan Limit of Detection (LoD) dan Limit of Quantification (LoQ). Penentuan presisi (berdasarkan %RSD dan CV), 100 ppm katekin dibuat 7 ulangan sedangkan akurasi dievaluasi dengan menghitung perolehan kembali. Kekasaran metode ditentukan dengan menganalisisnya pada hari yang berbeda. Linearitas ditentukan dengan mengukur nilai r pada hubungan antara kurva absorbansi dan konsentrasi seri standar. Berdasarkan persamaan kurva standar, maka LoD dan LoQ dapat dihitung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan metode memenuhi syarat linearitas dengan R 0,9996; memiliki presisi di 1,23% RSD; memiliki akurasi pada kisaran 100,80% sampai dengan 101,64%; kekasaran metode tidak berbeda nyata; memiliki 3,85 ppm LoD; dan 12,84 ppm LoQ. Validasi menunjukkan hasil yang valid, dan metode tersebut dapat digunakan untuk analisis rutin pada pengukuran katekin dalam fraksi etil asetat ekstrak gambir. Kata kunci: Catechin, Uncaria gambir, Validasi Metode, Spektrofotometri

In malaria infection, the Plasmodium parasites break down hemoglobin in the host's red blood cells into toxic free heme and amino acids. Plasmodium is also capable of converting free heme to non-toxic hemozoin through a polymerization process. Malaria infection, on the other hand, also triggers the formation of free radicals that affect the pathophysiology of malaria. Suruhan leaf (Peperomia pellucida (L.)Kunth) has long been used as an antimalarial and is known to contain large flavonoids that function as antioxidants. In this study, leaf extraction, inhibitory activity of heme polymerization assay, and antioxidant activity assay were performed. Organoleptically, leaf extract obtained in the form of dry blackish green coloured extractswith a bitter taste and the typical scent of suruhan leaves. The yield of the extract obtained was 18.28%, water content was 7.73%, drying shrinkage was 9.16%, and total ash content was 0.46%. The IC50 value of inhibition activity of heme polymerization of ethanol extract of the Suruhan leaves was 0.93 mg / mL, smaller compared to chloroquine(1.48 mg / mL)while the value of IC50. antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of leaf syrup was 32.94 mg / mL compared to Vitamin C of 4 mg/mL. In conclusion,ethanolic leaves extract of suruhan has inhibitory activity of heme polymerization and antioxidant activity so that it has potentiality as antimalarial drugs

Inflammatory is a body defense mechanism due to respond of tissue on undermine influences, either local or the one that go into the body. Inflammatory can cause various physical dysfunctions. Uncaria gambir Roxb, a high catechin content in ethyl acetate fraction, is widely used as wound healing in Indonesian culture, therefore its mechanism of anti-inflammatory action is still unknown. The objective of our study is to investigated the activity of anti-inflammatory ethyl acetate fraction of Uncaria gambir leaves inhibition of edema, COX-2 and iNOS expression using induction method with carrageenan in rats. This study is experimental research which use 25 white Wistar strain rats as animals assay that divided into 5 groups: negative group (water), positive group (sodium diclofenac 50 mg/kg bw), dose I (5 mg/kg bw fraction), II (10 mg/kg bw fraction) and III (20 mg/kg bw fraction) groups. Each of them were given orally 30 min before carrageenan 3% induced. The paw volume was measured every day for seven day after injection carrageenan using plethysmometer. Inhibition COX-2 and iNOS expression were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of Uncaria gambir leaves in all doses had anti-inflammatory effect on white rats through the mechanism of inflammatory inhibition by reducing edema volume. All three fraction doses can also reduce COX-2 and iNOS expression. The fraction had the highest anti-inflammatory potency by the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. The conclusion that ethyl acetate of three doses had anti-inflammatory activities through a mechanism of edema volume reduction, COX-2 and iNOS expression.

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