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This study aimed to find out how frequently teachers at compulsory-education level school – primary and junior high schools – perceived that they would adopt various leadership styles in their schools if they were the principal and if this frequency was gender related. Data were collected from 321 teachers from compulsory-education schools by means of the Leadership Questionnaire (Bowers & Seashore, 1966) measuring four leadership styles – support, interaction facilitation, goal emphasis, and work facilitation. The questionnaire was translated and reliability analyses for teachers in Turkey were carried out. On average the teachers scored at a very high level for leadership style in goal emphasis; and at a high level in interaction facilitation, support and work facilitation. The highest score was for goal emphasis, the lowest for work facilitation. Men scored at higher levels than women did in all leadership styles. Suggestions are made about what should be done to achieve effective leadership in schools, to help teachers have a positive approach to more participative leadership styles, and to remove gender inequity among school principals and leaders.

The four paradigms of 'radical structuralist', 'funcionalist', 'interpretive' and 'radical humanist' (Burrel &Morgan, 1979) andHabermas's (1987) theory of knowledge-constitutive interests have solid philosophical positions to guide the designs of MMR in social sciences. Research nature and social phenomena can be mainly analyzed based on objective and subjective perspectives. After discussing the application of four paradigms and Habermas's theory of knowledge-constitutive interests of technical, hermeneutic and emancipatory into MMR, it was understood that the functionalist paradigm based on post-positivism and technical interest was very compatible with most quantitative strand of MMR. The interpretive paradigm based on post-modernism and hermeneutic interest is well suited to most of the qualitative strand of MMR. However, the umbrella philosophy of mixed methods studies is pragmatism. From the perspective of the radical humanist paradigm based on postmodernism and emancipatory interest, it is highly applicable to participatory action research, emancipatory action research and mixed typed transformative design and radical structuralist paradigm based on positivism and technical interest is very suitable with technical action research, mixed typed embedded design. However, some research designs include two paradigms; for example, mixed convergent parallel, mixed multi-phase design and mixed embedded design.

The purpose of this study is to explore the perspectives of international nursing students in Turkey on their learning experience. Design and Methods: Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews and focus group interviews were used to explore nursing students' perspectives on their learning experiences in Turkey. The research population comprised 10 international students. Results: The students expressed fear of being rejected by patients in a clinical setting, as well as feelings of isolation and discrimination. They feel foreign and experience the typical prejudice against their color and language. Practice Implications: Educators should take language and cultural differences into consideration and should listen to international students regarding education methods. Teachers of international students, both academic and clinical, need to be cognizant of the "otherness" of international students.

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ÖzBu araştırma, Tip 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) tanısı konmuş yetişkin hastaların hastalıkları ile ilgili yaşadığı psikososyal uyum süreci, psikososyal uyum sürecinde yaşanan engeller ve psikososyal uyum sürecinde yaşanan engellerle nasıl baş ettiklerini hakkındaki görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma nitel bir araştırmadır ve DM tip II tanısı konmuş katılımcıların yaşadıkları psikososyal güçlüklere ilişkin kendi bakış açısından ayrıntılı bir anlayışla araştırmayı ve ortaya koymayı amaçladığından fenomenolojik desende planlanmıştır. DM Tip 2 tanısı konmuş gönüllü 10 katılımcı ile görüşülmüştür. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeden elde edilen veriler sonucunda, DM tip 2 tanılı katılımcılar psikososyal uyumda yaşadıkları sürece ilişkin hislerini, zorlanılan alanları, baş etme tarzlarını ifade etmişlerdir. Bulgular, DM tip 2'nin psikososyal uyum süreci, psikososyal uyum sürecinde yaşanan engeller ve psikososyal uyum sürecinde yaşanan engellerle baş etme başlıkları altında incelenmiştir.Anahtar sözcükler: Tip 2 diabetes mellitus, psikososyal uyum, fenomenoloji. AbstractThis study was conducted to understand the views of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) on the psychosocial adaptation processes and the barriers that they experienced related to their diseases and how they coped with those barriers in that process. This is a qualitative study and as it was aimed to analyze and understand the participants' own point of views on psychosocial barriers they experienced in details with this study, it was designed as phenomenological study. The study was carried out with 10 volunteer patients with type II DM. As a result of the data obtained via interviews based on semi-structured interview forms, patients stated their views on the barriers they experienced and how they coped with those barriers related to DM. Findings were categorized under three sub-headings, psycho-social adaptation process, the barriers experienced in that process and how those barriers were coped with.

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Lisansüstü ö¤rencilerinin bilimsel araflt›rmalardaki etik d›fl› davran›fllara iliflkin görüfllerini belirlemeyi ve derinlemesine veriler sunmay› amaçlayan bu çal›flmada nitel araflt›rma yöntemi kullan›lm›flt›r. Bu çal›flma, bütüncül tek durum desenli bir durum araflt›rmas›d›r. Araflt›rman›n çal›flma grubunu, 2011-2012 y›l› Akdeniz Üniversitesi E¤itim Fakültesi'nde E¤itim Bilimleri Bölümünde lisansüstü e¤itim gören yedi gönüllü ö¤renci oluflturmakt›r. Amaçl› örneklem yöntemlerinden kolay ulafl›labilir durum örneklemesi kullan›lm›flt›r. Araflt›rman›n veri toplama tekni¤i bireysel görüflme ve doküman analizidir. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde içerik analizi yaklafl›m› kullan›lm›flt›r. Verilerin kodlan›p kategorilendirilmesi aflama-s›nda NVivo 9.2 paket program› kullan›lm›flt›r. Araflt›rma sonuçlar› bilimsel araflt›rmalarda ö¤renciler; ö¤retim elemanlar› ve kendileri taraf›ndan izinsiz sahiplenme, bilimsel araflt›rmalar›n› baflkas›na yapt›rma, bilginin do¤rulu¤unu araflt›rmama, verileri sapt›rma/de¤ifltirme ve kad›n kimli¤inin kullan›lmas› gibi etik d›fl› davran›fllar›n sergilendi¤ini belirtmifllerdir. Kolaya kaçma, ifl çoklu¤u ve vakit darl›¤›, akademik yükselme, bilinçsizlik, eksik bilgilendirme, tembellik, etik d›fl› çal›flmalar›n takdir edilmesi ve yetersizlik nedeniyle bu davran›fllar gerçekleflmektedir. Dolay›s›yla bilimin geliflmesini engelleme, bilime güvensizlik, para ve zaman kayb› fleklinde bilime zarar verildi¤i düflünülmektedir. Bu tür davran›fllar› engellemek için kat›l›mc›lar, etik bilinci oluflturma, sorgulay›c›l›k, etik kurullar› oluflturma, ceza verme, ifl yükünün azalt›lmas› ve görev ayr›m›n›n yap›l-mas›, kontrol mekanizmas› oluflturulmas›, yay›n sürecinin k›salt›lmas›, ya-z›l›mla engelleme, bilgi üretmede yanl›fl alg›lar›n ortadan kald›r›lmas›, ilgi odakl› çal›flmalar›n yap›lmas›, kiflisel egosundan vazgeçirme ve akran denetimi önerilerinde bulunmufllard›r.Anahtar sözcükler: Bilimsel araflt›rma, bilimsel araflt›rmalardaki etik d›-fl› davran›fllar, etik d›fl› davran›fllar, lisansüstü e¤itim, yüksekö¤retim. This is a qualitative study with a holistic case design. The purpose of this study was to analyze and to present data in details related to the opinions of graduate students about unethical behaviors in the scientific studies. The sample of the study consisted of 7 voluntary graduate students doing their Master of Science at Educational Sciences in 2011-2012 academic years. A non-probability sample, which is a purpose sampling strategy, was used. Data were collected with face to face individual interviews and document analysis and were analysed by using content analysis technique. Data analysis process was aided by the use of a qualitative data analysis computer program called NVIVO 9.2. As a result of the findings of the study participants admitted that instructors and they performed unethical behaviours such as plagiarism, having others do their scientific studies, not checking reality of the information, manipulating research data and making use of their feminine gender. The reasons why they perfor...