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"Milking processing" describes the cultivation of microalgae in a water-organic solvent two-phase system that consists of simultaneous fermentation and secretion of intracellular product. It is usually limited by the conflict between the biocompatibility of the organic solvent to the microorganisms and the ability of the organic solvent to secret intracellular product into its extracellular broth. In the present work, submerged cultivation of Monascus in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 micelle aqueous solution for pigment production is exploited, in which the fungus Monascus remains actively growing. Permeabilization of intracellular pigments across the cell membrane and extraction of the pigments to the nonionic surfactant micelles of its fermentation broth occur simultaneously. "Milking" the intracellular pigments in the submerged cultivation of Monascus is a perstraction process. The perstractive fermentation of intracellular pigments has the advantage of submerged cultivation by secretion of the intracellular pigments to its extracellular broth and the benefit of extractive microbial fermentation by solubilizing the pigments into nonionic surfactant micelles. It is shown as the marked increase of the extracellular pigment concentration by the submerged cultivation of Monascus in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 micelle solution.

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An outbreak of 81 cases of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis (AC) occurred in Beijing, China, during June through September 2006. Epidemiological characteristics, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging, and treatment data from the 81 AC patients were collected and analyzed. All cases had a history of eating raw freshwater snails, and acquired Angiostrongylus cantonensis as a result. The incubation period ranged from 1 to 36 days. The main symptoms were fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, and skin paresthesia. A significant increase in eosinophilia occurred in the peripheral blood of 62 cases and in cerebrospinal fluid of 64 cases; 36 patients presented a linearly enhanced abnormal signal of the leptomeninges site during a cranial MRI examination, indicative of meningitis; 18 cases had a significant nodule shadow and spot flaky ground-glass shadow on chest computerized tomography. All patients were relieved of their illness with a 7-day treatment of albendazole.

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Human ocular angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in the eye is a very rare condition. Until now, there has been no comprehensive analysis of this disease. We searched and analysed the references found on the Internet that refer to human ocular angiostrongyliasis and reviewed the aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment of the condition. Twenty-six references were found reporting 35 patients from 10 countries that were diagnosed with human ocular angiostrongyliasis. People are usually infected by eating raw or undercooked intermediate hosts of the parasite such as snails or contaminated vegetables. The most common symptom was visual loss. Although several treatments have been used, ocular angiostrongyliasis can still result in permanent visual impairment and may even cause blindness. As the eye is the site of infection and direct visualization is possible, ocular examination is crucial for diagnosis. The therapeutic success depended on early and complete surgical removal.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of penicillin G by immobilized penicillin acylase in a nonionic surfactant mediated cloud point system was presented. The effect of the operation parameters on equilibrium pH of this enzymatic hydrolysis process without pH control was examined. A relatively high equilibrium pH in cloud point system without pH control can be obtained. The feasibility of recycling utilization of the nonionic surfactant, a novel green solvent, was also investigated experimentally. Enzymatic hydrolysis of penicillin G in a discrete semi-batch mode, which simulates a semi-continuous process, envisages a completely eco-friendly, sustainable and efficient process for production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid.