Background: Liver injuries induced by different toxic substances have been recognized as one of the great toxicological problem for years. However, there are a lot of herbal medicines existing to compensate these disorders.Alcohols are one of the most important organic compounds in different areas of our daily lives. The health benefits of Ajwa Date Fruit Extract are well documented in literature. Objective: To determine the effect of alcohol on weight of liver and possible protective role of Ajwa date fruit extract (ADFE) in adult male albino rats. Study Design:Experimental Study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from 1st October 2018 to 31st March 2019. Methodology: Twenty four adult male albino rats were used in this research and divided into the 4 groups A, B, C and D having 6 rats in each group. Group A was designated as control group;group B received ethanol 3g/kg/day of 40% v/v prepared in distilled water; group C received ethanol and ADFE1g/kg/day and group D received ethanol and ADFE 2g/kg/day by oral gavage once daily for 28 days.The 100% pure alcohol was dissolved in distilled water for preparation of 40% alcohol. Dates palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits washed with tap water and removed the seeds. The extract of the date fruits made by adding distilled water to date fruit (3:1) and leaving for 48 hours in refrigerator (4°C). Results: The increase in mean weight of liver in group B on 29th day of experiment were statistically significant (p=0.001) in comparison with the control. The mean weight of liver was decreased significantly after 28 days of experiment in experimental groups C and D. Conclusions: Alcohol administration in the male albino rats significantly increase their weight of liver which was improved by the use of ADFE. Key words: Alcohol, Ajwa date fruit extract, Rats

Background: The use of mosquito coils has increased exponentially, especially in the under developed countries. Many researches have been conducted over the past few years to advocate both the possible risks and potential benefits. These coils and the inhalation of their smoke have been proved to cause upper and lower airway tract infections. But still the possible side effects of inhalation of these coil smoke on other organ systems of the body were unclear. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups each containing eight rats. Group A was control group while group B was allowed to inhale mosquito coil smoke for four week. The experimental group was exposed to MCS for 8 hours / day. Histopathological analysis of testis was carried out. Results: Histopathological studies of rats exposed to MCS revealed changes in parenchyma of testis. Decrease in the height of germinal epithelium and diameter of seminiferous tubules and increase in and vascular congestion was observed. Conclusion: The results of present study suggest that allethrin based mosquito coil smoke has harmful effects on testis

Fluvastatin's hepatoprotective impact is being investigated in the current study. It is possible that the oxidative stress pathway is implicated in PCM hepatotoxicity. The acute hepatotoxicity of PCM was investigated in this study. Place of study: Rashid Latif Medical College Lahore Materials and Methods: The rabbits were divided into five groups of ten each. The saline group received (the vehicle). Fluvastatin (20 mg/kg), PCM (600 mg/kg), and PCM + 10 mg Fluvastatin (600 mg PCM + 20 mg Fluvastatin) were administered to the animals. The livers from all the animals were taken out and cleansed. 70% alcohol was used for washing extensively, after which the liver tissue was embedded in paraffin and then 5 mm thick paraffin slices were stained by aid of hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Male rabbits were shown to be harmful to paracetamol (P<0.05). However, as compared to group 1, the levels of bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALP were considerably higher (P<0.0001) (In the control group.) Fluvastatin (10mg/kg and 20mg/kg) combined with paracetamol resulted in significant reductions in ALP, ALT, and bilirubin levels.Slices of liver were analyzed histologically. Conclusion: Fluvastatin reduced the severity of all of these side effects, although it did not completely eliminate them. Keywords: Fluvastatin, Hepatotoxicity, Paracetamol, Hepato protection, histopathology.

Background:Lead harms haematological, biochemical, and hepatic parameters, hence studies have concentrated on antioxidants with therapeutic potentials. Objective: Induced hepatotoxicity and hemato-biochemical parameters in adult Wistar rats with Ocimum Gratissimum extract. Methodology: 42 adult Wistar rats were divided into seven groups of five. Group A was the control, Group B had 120 mg/kg lead, and Group C got 300 mg/kg OG. D and E had 120 mg/kg lead before 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg OG. Group F had 300 mg OG extract, then 120 mg lead, whereas Group G got 120 mg lead and 1000 mg ascorbic acid. The animals were then slaughtered and blood and liver tissues were taken for biochemical and histological investigation. Results: The outcome revealed a rise in Control but a drop in B. ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP levels were higher in Group B than in Control and other treatment groups (p≤ 0.05). As in Groups D, E, F, and G, histological investigation of liver tissues revealed degenerative alterations with localised necrosis and aggregated inflammatory cells in B. Conclusion: The extract of OG has the potential to be employed as a medicinal agent in the treatment of lead poisoning. Keywords: Hepatobiochemical; Lead; Liver; Ocimum gratissimum; Wistar rats; Parameters

Objectives: To observe the effects of Moringa Oleifera leaves extract on BPA induced changes (Diameter of hepatocytes and vacuolization) in liver of rats. Study Design: Experimental study, conducted at Post Graduate Medical Institute. Methodology: This study was performed on 32 adult rats for seven weeks. They were divided into 4 equal groups A, B, C and D. Group A was control received corn oil only. Group B, received BPA only 50mg/kg/bw. Group C and D received BPA 50mg/kg along with MoLE 250mg and 500mg.  Liver was removed and was fixed in 10% formalin.  To observe the effect of BPA and MoLE, slides were prepared for histological examination. For Hepatocytes, diameter and vacuolization was observed. The statistical analysis of results was done by using SPSS 21. Result: In group B, vacuolization (87.5% of animals) and statistical significant increase in mean diameter (19.7±1.3)  of hepatocytes was seen.  Presence of vacuoles has presumably lead to an increase  in diameter . However  in Groups C 50% of animals showed vacuolization and mean mean hepatocyte diameter was 17.0±1.1. In Group D  25% of animals showed vacuolization and mean mean hepatocyte diameter decreased to14.6±1 after administration of MoLE.

Aim: To study the frequency and factors associated with peritoneal involvement among patients operated for acute appendicitis in a tertiary care hospital. Place and duration of study: Department of Surgery, Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan from 1stJuly 2020 to 30thJune 2021. Methodology: This comparative cross-sectional study 500 patients diagnosed as acute appendicitis and operated by consultant surgeon were included. Peritoneal involvement was defined as signs of inflammation or infection on abdominal lining observed by operating surgeon during the time of surgery. Factors like age, gender, presence of comorbid illnesses and history of previous abdominal surgeries were associated with presence of peritoneal involvement. Results: There were 305 (61%) males while 195 (39%) were females with mean age was 32.331±4.544 years.Four hundred and forty two (88.4%) did not show any peritoneal involvement at the time of surgery while 58 (11.6%) had peritoneal involvement. Chi-square test revealed that history of previous abdominal surgeries and advancing age had statistically significant association with peritoneal involvement among the study participants (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: Peritoneal involvement was found in considerable number of patients operated as acute appendicitis by the treating surgeons. Patients with previous history of abdominal surgeries and advancing age were more at risk of having peritoneal involvement in our study. Keywords: Acuteappendicitis, Peritonitis, Risk factors, Frequency

Introduction: Urothelial carcinoma is the predominant histological sub-type and accounts for 90% of human urinary bladder cancers. It is among the ten common malignancies of adults in Pakistan. Her-2 receptor modifications including mutations have been previously evaluated as one of the major players in carcinogenesis of urinary bladder’s carcinoma arising from urothelium. The increase in expression of Her-2 receptor is seen in higher grade carcinomas along with muscle infiltration in comparison to tumors of lesser grade and not invading muscle layer. Aims and Objectives: To compare epidermal growth factor (Her-2) receptor expression status between high and low grade, infiltrative and non-infiltrating carcinoma of urinary bladder’s urothelium. Materials and Methods: 50 cases with diagnosis of primary papillary urothelial carcinoma with variable stages and grades, from both genders and different ages, were selected using convenience sampling for current cross sectional study. Routined protocols opted for immunohistochemical staining to observe Her-2 expression in urothelial cancer trans-urethral resection specimen. If more than 10 percent of cells with positive circumferential complete, and intense membrane staining for Her-2 were taken as positive as assessed semi-quantitatively by using immuno-reactive scoring system designated by ASCO/CAP guidelines. Results: Patients having ages ranging from 42 to 95 years including 37 males and 13 females were selected for current study. Her-2 immunostaining revealed, positivity in 27 (54%) patients. Results interpreted showed more number of cases having higher grade (p= 0.0006) and infiltration (p = 0.0001) with Her-2 positivity. Conclusions: The current study showed significant amount of Her-2 positivity in greater grade and carcinomas possessing muscle invasion as compared to tumors of lower grade and those not invading muscle wall. Key words: Her-2 receptor, Low grade urothelial carcinoma, Invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma