Background:Lead harms haematological, biochemical, and hepatic parameters, hence studies have concentrated on antioxidants with therapeutic potentials. Objective: Induced hepatotoxicity and hemato-biochemical parameters in adult Wistar rats with Ocimum Gratissimum extract. Methodology: 42 adult Wistar rats were divided into seven groups of five. Group A was the control, Group B had 120 mg/kg lead, and Group C got 300 mg/kg OG. D and E had 120 mg/kg lead before 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg OG. Group F had 300 mg OG extract, then 120 mg lead, whereas Group G got 120 mg lead and 1000 mg ascorbic acid. The animals were then slaughtered and blood and liver tissues were taken for biochemical and histological investigation. Results: The outcome revealed a rise in Control but a drop in B. ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP levels were higher in Group B than in Control and other treatment groups (p≤ 0.05). As in Groups D, E, F, and G, histological investigation of liver tissues revealed degenerative alterations with localised necrosis and aggregated inflammatory cells in B. Conclusion: The extract of OG has the potential to be employed as a medicinal agent in the treatment of lead poisoning. Keywords: Hepatobiochemical; Lead; Liver; Ocimum gratissimum; Wistar rats; Parameters
Background: A recognized surrogate marker that can be utilised for the prediction and profiling of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the thickness of the intima-media layer. Despite the fact that it varies geographically and ethnically, the significantly less likely to have it documented. This is despite the fact that there are many different communities . As a result of the process of atherosclerosis, the left anterior descending coronary artery is one of the coronary arteries that is afflicted the most of the time. As a consequence of this, the goal of this study was to determine whether or not there is a correlation between the intima-media thickness of the left coronary artery and the characteristics of the artery based on its morphology. Time and Place of study: Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore March 2019 to October 2021 Results: The thickness of the intima and media, on average, was 0.334 + 0.05 mm. It was more prevalent in males than in females.0.329+0.01 mm in females, increased with the number of branches of the left coronary artery, starting from 0.329+0.01 mm in males bifurcation to 0.499+ 0.01 mm in pentafurcation; and was also greater in left coronary arteries that were shorter than the average length of the right coronary artery 0.5mm, in addition to those with bifurcation angles greater than 700. Conclusion: The length, bifurcation angle, and terminal branching pattern of the left coronary artery all have an impact on the intima-media thickness of the left anterior descending artery. Additionally, the intima-media thickness of the left anterior descending artery is greater in males than it is in females. It can be deduced from this that the morphological characteristics of the left coronary artery are anatomical factors that contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.Screening for atherosclerosis ought to be done on those who exhibit these characteristics in order to provide early intervention.
Objective: The purpose of the current research was to investigate the morphology and histology of placentas collected from moms who had PIH and to compare those results to placentas taken from women who had normal pregnancies. Study Design: The study was conducted at Anatomy department of Women Medical and Dental College Hospital Abbottabad and Mohi-ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Mirpur, AJK during the period from February 2021 to July 2021. Place and Duration: Observational/comparative study Methods: In this study total 80 pregnancies, 40 normal placenta’s and 40 hypertensive placenta’s were presented. At first, the physical aspects of placentas, also known as their morphological traits, were noted. In order to investigate the histology, pieces of each placenta measuring 5 millimetres in thickness were removed. After this, the tissue underwent further histological processing, after which it was fixed in formal saline at a concentration of 10 percent. It was noted down how much newborns weighed at birth. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze complete data. Results: Placental weight, size, surface area and number of cotyledons were decreased in hypertensive placentas, whereas regions of infarction, retroplacental clot, and calcification were increased. Hyalinized villi and atherosclerosis have been reported in hypertensive placentas (p0.05). Foetal mortality and morbidity were closely linked to these alterations. We also found that among women with high blood pressure who had the aforementioned histological alterations in their placentas, the risk of foetal death and morbidity was higher. Conclusion: We concluded that, PIH reduces placenta weight and size. Changes in utero-placental blood flow may induce placental insufficiency. It affects newborn birth weight. PIH impacts placenta shape, histology, and foetal development. Keywords: Placenta, Pregnancy-induced hypertension, Histological, Morphological, Mortality, Morbidity
Human spleen has various functions including immune system regulation and haematopoisis. The spleen is an extremely vascularized and fragile organ. It is the second major lymphatic organ, containing 25% of lymphoid tissue in the body, and has haematologic and immunologic roles. Objective: To understand the segmental branches morphometry of the polar and splenic arteries. Methods: The analysis was performed on 86 spleens collected from adult human cadavers of not known gender, stored in 10% formalin solution. In the Department of Anatomy, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic Medical College (MIMC), Mirpur, Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Women Medical and Dental College Hospitals, Abbottabad for six- months duration from July-December 2021 Results: In 59 (68.6%) spleen samples; there were 2 primary branches, 23 (26.7%) samples had three primary branches, and 4 (4.7%) specimens had four primary branches. 20 (23.3%) samples had superior polar arteries, 34 (39.5%) had inferior polar arteries, and both inferior and superior polar arteries in 7 (8.1%) samples. The inferior polar artery length ranged from 0.9-5.90 cm, with 3.17 cm of average length and 3.30 cm median length. The superior PB diameter ranged from 0.8-4.12 mm, with 2.20 mm average length and 2.4 mm median length. The mean diameter of middle PB ranged from 0.8 mm to 3.6 mm, with an average of 2.10 mm and 2.4 mm median length. The superior polar artery diameter ranged from 0.5-3.1 mm, with 1.40 mm average length and 1.4 mm of median. The inferior polar artery diameter varies from 0.5-2.9 mm, with 1.3 mm of an average diameter with 1.4 mm median. Conclusions: As various splenic sparing surgeries depend on a better information of the vascular anatomy of the spleen, this analysis enhances the current information about the segmental branches’ morphometry of the splenic artery.
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