Background: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a source of antioxidant-containing vegetable protein that is beneficial to human health. The intense cultivation of common bean may result in environmental degradation. Thus, environmentally friendly cultivation methods that use an endophyte to improve productivity are needed. An entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, can serve as an endophyte that stimulates the growth of Gossypium. Therefore, we isolated and identified B. bassiana and also examined its function as a beneficial endophyte that promotes the growth of common bean. Results: An entomopathogenic fungus, B. bassiana, was collected and identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics that were observed during morphological examination. B. bassiana was propagated and inoculated into common bean via seed soaking, soil wetting, and leaf spraying. The soil-wetting and leaf-spraying methods used to inoculate B. bassiana effectively enhanced the growth of common bean, which was observed at day 10 postinoculation. However, no significant growth enhancement of common bean was observed when the seed-soaking inoculation method was used. Conclusions: These results suggest a positive correlation between the B. bassiana inoculation method and growth enhancement of common bean. This study showed the endophytic potency of the fungus that may be used in the development of environmentally friendly cultivation methods of common bean.
Endophytic fungi have roles to protect the plant from herbivorous insects and diseases, and to support the absorption process of nutrients needed by plants for photosynthesis. Related to the important role of endophytic fungi, research was aimed to identify fungal endophytes associated with young, mature and old leaves on apple and to evaluate the effect of leaf ages on the abundance and diversity of endophytic fungi. The research was conducted in Biological Control Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya from May to September 2016. Apple leaves sampling was done diagonally, and taken from nine apple trees. Based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, 38 isolates were identified. In the old apple leaves, it obtained 17 isolates that consisted of 5 genera, mature leaves obtained 14 isolates consisted of 6 genera, and young leaves 7 isolates obtained consists of 2 genera. The mature leaves have highest abundance and diversity of endophytic fungi compared to young and old leaves. Endophytic fungi apple leaf dominated by Aspergillus. Mature and young leaves were different from old one based on Bray-Curtis similarity.
Abstract. Leksono AS, Yanuwiadi B, Afandhi A, Farhan M, Zairina A. 2020. The abundance and diversity of grasshopper communities in relation to elevation and land use in Malang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5614-5620. Ecological factors include interactions of the community members with numerous biotic and abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, light intensity, and seasonality show an altitudinal gradient. Most grasshopper species play a role as herbivores and are a good source of protein for other animals such as amphibians, small reptiles, birds, and small mammals. This study aimed to analyze variations in the abundance, richness, and diversity of grasshopper species along an altitudinal gradient. This research was conducted in five locations in Malang District, East Java, Indonesia, namely Bantur, Sumber Pujung Lawang, Pujon, and Poncokusumo. Grasshopper sampling was carried out by the sweeping method using an insect net. Sweepings were carried out on four plots with each plot size of 2 x 10 m2. Sampling was conducted four times from June to August 2020. The data were analyzed using the Shannon Wiener index (diversity analysis) and the Bray-Curtis index. The differences between locations were tested by one-way analysis of variance. Land use was analyzed by ArcGIS, using Landsat imagery 8. The abundance of grasshoppers had a significant negative correlation with elevation. That correlation was positive to species richness and diversity of grasshoppers. That with species diversity was significant, while that with species richness was not significant. The greatest abundance of the grasshopper was found in the middle elevation in Lawang (19.39 ± 2.12). In contrast, the highest species richness and diversity were found in the highest elevation in Poncokusumo (richness = 15.75 ± 1.60 and H '= 2.58 ± 0.11). Land use variation was not significant on abundance, species, richness, and diversity of grasshoppers. Interestingly, the high similarity of the grasshopper compositions in low elevation habitats was detected, indicating that land use in the low land area was remarkable. The abundance of grasshopper had a significant positive correlation with temperature but negatively correlated with humidity. There was no significant correlation among species richness, species diversity with temperature and humidity.
Changes in the condition of aquatic environment are now a major problem for the survival of every organism caused by changes in land use, human activities, and agriculture. This study aims to determine the structure of macroinvertebrate communities. In addition, this study also aims to conduct analysis on BMWP index and water quality testing using physical and chemical parameters. This study was conducted on tertiary channels in Songka Sub-District, Palopo City. Each station's data collection covered relative density, macroinvertebrates that were found were assessed using BMWP index, then they were calculated using ASPT index. The results of this study found 17 taxa classified in the class of gastropods, insecta, bivalvia, malacostraca, citellata, oligochaeta and hirudenia. The results of BMWP index modification analysis from all stations found that ASPT value was "quite-poor" and "bad". It was indicated that in each station was mainly dominated by Oligochaeta worms and tolerant macroinvertebrates. Testing of physical and chemical parameters obtained DO value which belonged to class II of water quality. The low DO value caused high BOD value, which was classified in class III. The high value of BOD had an effect on the rise of COD value, the increase of COD value was caused by the high amount of organic and inorganic materials entering the water. PH value was relatively normal with the range of 6.3 to 6.8, temperature was in the range of 27.1°C to 28°C, the rise in temperature value was influenced by tree shade and the intensity of sunlight.
Abstract. Puspitarini RD, Afandhi A, Fernando I. 2021. Evaluation of indigenous fungal entomopathogens and aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata against Polyphagotarsonemus latus infesting Jatropha curcas in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2648-2655. The broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) has been known to cause a great deal of injury on Jatropha curcas (L.) plantation in Indonesia. Isolation of indigenous fungal entomopathogens from rhizosphere soils, followed by pathogenicity assay was conducted to find an effective isolate for controlling P. latus. Additionally, the potential combination of the selected isolate and soursop (Annona muricata L.) aqueous leaf extract (SLE) was investigated. A total of 24 isolates were obtained by using the insect bait method. Four fungal isolates, namely Paecilomyces sp. 1., Lecanicillium sp., Beauveria sp., and Fusarium sp. 1, showed high conidial viability and were chosen as representatives to assess their pathogenicity against P. latus. Among the tested isolates, Beauveria sp. which had the highest conidial viability among the tested isolates, needed a shorter period to completely kill the tested mites. However, the compatibility test revealed the deleterious effect of SLE on Beauveria sp. SLE at all concentrations showed a very toxic effect on the fungus, therefore the two must be applied separately. Our results provide useful information on the effectiveness of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria sp. and aqueous leaf extract of A. muricata as an alternative tool to control the broad mite P. latus on the J. curcas plantation.
The study aims to determine the chemical compounds, toxicity, and antifeedant activity of sweet flag (Acorus calamus) essential oils against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) using various concentration of the essential oils (10 3 , 2 × 10 3 , 3 × 10 3 , 4 × 10 3 , 5 × 10 3 ppm). Mortality and antifeedant activity was observed 24 hours after treatment. Toxicity and antifeedant activity values were 92.5% and 79.3%, respectively, with an LC 50 value 586.96 ppm. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that essential oil of A. calamus consists of five chemical compounds: methyl isoeugenol, 3.9-decadien-ol-1,3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl), 4-pentyl-1-(4propylcyclohexyl)1cyclohexene, γ-asarone and β asarone.
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