Grasshoppers belong to the order Orthoptera in the insect class. The Orthoptera order is divided into two major suborders, namely Ensifera and Caelifera. Most grasshopper species play a role as herbivores and are a good source of protein for other animals The abundance and diversity of grasshoppers are more stable in an ecosystem with less disturbance and vice versa. The factors that influence the diversity of grasshoppers include ecological factors such as vegetation structure, atmospheric temperature, relative humidity. This study aims to analyze the abundance and diversity of grasshopper communities (Orthoptera) in Batu City, East Java. There are four research locations, namely Tahura R. Soerjo Cangar, Sumbergondo Village, Coban Talun, Junrejo District. Measurement of biotic and abiotic factors in grasshopper habitat (orthoptera), data analysis using the Shannon Wiener diversity index (H'), Importance Value Index (IVI), and biplot analysis. The results showed that the total number of grasshoppers in the ecosystem found was 754 individuals divided into 11 species, 2 families, and 7 subfamilies from Caelifera. Meanwhile, 201 individuals were found in the type of Ensifera, which were divided into 4 species from 2 families and 2 subfamilies. This study concludes that the species diversity of grasshoppers in several ecosystems in Batu City in the suborder Caelifera with the highest diversity is at the Junrejo location. Whereas in the suborder Ensifera the highest diversity was in the Sumbergondo location. The vegetation area has an influence on the diversity of grasshoppers both from the two suborders. The reduction in natural habitat for grasshoppers due to a large number of land uses by humans also has a negative impact on the sustainability of grasshoppers. Environmental factors affect the abundance and diversity of insects including grasshoppers, the response of each type of grasshopper to environmental characteristics affects their existence in a habitat.
A study on soil arthropod abundance, diversity and composition have been done on November 2016 to March 2017 using pitfall traps. The objective of this study is to analyze variations of the soil arthropod abundance, diversity and composition among different habitats in a university forest. The study was carried out in Universitas Brawijaya Forest (UBF) Malang, East Java (7°49'S, 112°34'E, 1,200 m in altitude), consisted of four locations: an agroforestry (AF), a gallery forest (GF), the pine stands (PS) and a settlement yard (SY). At each site, a total of 10 traps (5 by 2 rows) were placed systematically at 4-m intervals. Glass cups (10 cm in diameter and 7 cm deep) were buried in the ground during 24 hours. There were 2286 individuals of arthropod collected from all sampling locations. Overall the samples collected consist of 41 families of arthropods. The abundance (mean ± SE) of soil arthropod was highest in PS and the lowest in SY. Statistically, variations in abundance among locations were significant (F = 7.39, p < 0.01). The taxa richness of arthropod was highest in GF and the lowest in SY. Statistically, variations in taxa richness among locations were significant (F = 4.26, p < 0.05). The diversity was the highest in the GF (1.9 ± 0.1) lowest in the SY (0.74 ± 0.1). Statistically, variations in diversity among study sites were significant (F = 26.73, p < 0.001). In general, scavenger dominated the composition of soil arthropods. The highest proportion of scavenger abundance present in SY was 84.9%, while the lowest in the GF was 29.3%. The highest litter transformer composition in GF was 33.9%, and the lowest in SY was 8%. The highest decomposer in PS was 26.9% and the lowest in AF was 12.9%. The highest predator in AF was 20.7% and the lowest in SY was 1%. Compositions of soil arthropod were affected by environmental factors such as soil temperature and light intensity.
Mosquitoes are one of the insects that have an important role as vectors of disease agents. The diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are still public health problems in Indonesia especially in East Java Province, for example, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). DHF is a very alarming disease because the occurrence of this epidemic is no longer just confined to certain geographic locations. At present, Mojokerto is a district in East Java region known as endemic for DHF in Indonesia. The number of cases in this district tends to rise and expand distributed. The spread pattern of dengue cases in this district is not certainly known. The aim of this research is to determine the distribution pattern of mosquitoes and its relationship between elevation and density of Aedes aegypti in the Mojokerto district that caused dengue virus transmission. Sampling was conducted at two locations in the Mojokerto district, in the urban and rural, namely Prajurit Kulon for urban and Dlanggu for rural. We used survey for mosquito larvae by WHO standard and for mosquito eggs by ovitrap. The coordinates of sampling locations are recorded using GPS and then identification of mosquitoes is performed at the Laboratory of Ecology and Animal Diversity, University of Brawijaya. Quantitative data were analyzed to determine the abundance, relative abundance, frequency, relative frequency and IVI (Importance Value Index). Mosquito distribution patterns were analyzed with Morisita index. The research findings indicated that there are five mosquitoes species consisted of Aedes aegypti, Aedes al-bopictus, Aedes laniger, Culex bitaeniorchynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus. Aedes aegypti is the dominant species in urban area while Culex quinquefasciatus is the dominant species in rural area. Morisita index showed that mosquito dispersal on patterns in Mojokerto district is uniform. The elevation of the area and density of Aedes aegypti has a positive correlation.
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