The research was carried out with the aid of vegetation experiments and on saline soils in production crops of the Stavropol territory farms (Andropovsky, Mineralovodsky and Kochubeyevsky districts). The goal of the research was to identify patterns of germination and formation of sunflower seeds, depending on the influence of saline soils and the use of mineral fertilizers. It was found that sunflower seeds germinate at fairly high concentrations of soil salts. In vegetation experiments, where saline soil containing 1.14% and 1.71% of chloride- sulfate salts was used, the number of sprouted seeds was 96.0% and 89.3% of the unsalted background, respectively, 14 days after sowing. The salinization type has a various impact on seed germination. A greater reduction in their germination was observed during sulfate-chloride salinization. The predominance of sulfates in the salt composition up to 0.4% did not have a negative effect on seed germination, while the predominance of chlorides reduced their germination, starting from 0.2%. If the difference between the two types of salinization at 0.4% was only 2%, then at 1.4% it reached 18%, which indicates an increase in the toxic effects of chlorides as their concentrations increase. In the process of growing plants, soil salts affect plants directly through the root system.
The main factors determining the change of the ecological situation in the zone of salinized compact chernozems distribution are the hydrological state, waterlogging, water erosion and the use of chemical crop products. In order to prevent further progress in the degradation of these lands, a number of activities are required. The most important task is to ensure the expanded reproduction of soil fertility. Its solution suggests the systematic application of fertilizers. A great advantage on saline soils should be given to organic fertilizers in order to maintain stocks of humus. The value of humus in their composition increases even more due to the fact that it reduces the possible negative impact on plants of some components of the mineral part of the soil, improves its water-physical properties. Humus limits the leaching of nitrogen caused by uncontrolled mineralization, increases the filtering and buffering effect of the soil and groundwater. In the intensive farming system, a deficit-free humus balance can be observed by combining the use of organic and mineral fertilizers. At the same time, the use of higher doses of them leads to pollution of the soil, plants and the environment. Therefore, the use of fertilizers should be carried out taking into account the biological needs of plants and specific soil conditions. On saline soils, due to a significant reduction in plant growth parameters and the biomass formed by them, the removal of nutrients in the composition of the primary and secondary crop significantly decreases. In addition, they are characterized by relatively high osmotic potential, which may further increase due to the application of higher doses of fertilizers. Therefore, in these conditions, moderate and small doses of mineral fertilizers are effective, and they meet the needs of plants and the interests of the soil ecology.
The relevance of the nitrogen fertilization is difficult to overestimate. Currently, winter wheat crops impose special requirements on nitrogen nutrition, as a rule, in early spring due to the unfavorable temperature conditions and excess moisture soil nitrification is suppressed. As a result, plants starve from lack of nitrogen and reduce the yield. At the same time, the variety represented on the nitrogen fertilizers market is able to satisfy practically any soil type in various conditions of wetting, and is limited only by the energy availability of agricultural producers. One of the factors, which have an impact on the effectiveness of nitrogen use, is the form of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. The experimental plots to study the influence of methods and technology of nitrogen fertilizer application in early spring on the winter wheat productivity were located in the arid zone of the south of Russia, where 350-400 mm of precipitation falls annually, the hydrothermal coefficient is within 0.6-0.8 units, and the soil cover is represented by dark chestnut and chestnut soils. The forecrop of the research period was winter wheat; the studied varieties of winter wheat are Yesaul and Nota. The seeder John Deere was usedfor the root fertilization in the experiment, and the Amazon spreader was used for the surface application. The analysis of the obtained data allows us to draw the following conclusions; the yield of the Nota variety was higher compared to the Yesaul variety on the fertilized variants by 0.15-0.28 t•ha-1. The highest productivity indicators are formed when fertilizing with the nitrogen dose of 52 kg•ha-1 application rateregardless of the fertilizer application method. The advantage of the root fertilization method is not reliable compared with the superficial method of applying manure. Studied doses and methods of nitrogen fertilizer application had a significant impact on the protein content in the grain of winter wheat.
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