The problems of improving the tillage systems and crop cultivation technologies are of particular relevance both in terms of energy savings and, in general, resource conservation. The article describes various tillage systems using machines and implements of domestic and foreign production for the arid zone of southern Russia. The initial position in the development of cultivation technology of crops are agroecological requirements of the crop and variety to the growing conditions. Sequential overcoming of factors that reduce crop yields and product quality allows us to form the most optimal growing technology for specific climatic conditions of the economy. The article describes the tillage systems - moldboard, resource-saving using domestic tillage equipment, resource-based on foreign technology and recommended using combined technology, which has different effects on the conservation and accumulation of productive moisture. With the moldboard tillage, these indicators are the smallest, and resource-saving systems give approximately the same results when determining the stock of productive moisture in all phases of crop development. Different tillage systems for crop rotation affect the agrophysical indicators of fertility - aggregate composition, water strength, structural coefficient to the same extent. Moldboard tillage system causes the lowest density of soil in the cultivation of crop rotation in comparison with various resource-saving systems, as for the porosity of the soil, in most cases, these indicators of large values are marked by moldboard tillage. Resource-saving tillage systems significantly complicate the phytosanitary situation in the cultivation of crop rotation in comparison with the moldboard tillage system.
The article presents the results of water erosion monitoring, which was carried out in 2015 on the territory of the agricultural landscapes of the Stavropol Territory using the methods of the Earth's remote sensing and geo-information technologies. A digital elevation model was taken as a basis and watercourses were modeled in the study area. As a result of the imposition, the received model and the identified erosion processes, and their coincidence was established in individual areas, which indicates their high degree of erosion hazard, a total of 382326 hectares of such territories were identified. In these territories, the existing anti-erosion carcass is either completely destroyed or ineffective. In this regard, it is necessary to conduct an inventory of forest shelter strips to assess their effectiveness and develop measures for erosion control of the territory. Different types of degradation in varying degrees reduce the productivity of agricultural crops. Salinity and alkalinity decrease it by 55 % to the greatest extent, water erosion-19 %, deflation-13 %, waterlogging-6 %. It has been established that water erosion as a whole along the region by 2026 can lead to a loss of 700 thousand tons of grain of the main crop in the region, winter wheat. Modern technologies, such as space imagery and GIS technologies, allow for effective and efficient detection and analysis of erosion-hazards. The combination of high-resolution remote sensing and medium resolution data has shown maximum efficiency for analyzing the development of linear water erosion processes. The development of a comprehensive program of anti-erosion measures will allow to reach up to 10 % of the future harvest in the Stavropol Territory.
The main grain crop of the Stavropol Territory is winter wheat, cultivated on an area of 1,798.5 thousand hectares. In the arid zone of the region, the proportion of winter wheat varies from 81.9 to 95.4%. On average, the crop yield in the arid zone is 30.2 100kg/ha. Direct sowing technology is widespread in the arid zone of the region. The technology assumes leaving plant residues on the surface of arable land in order to improve the structure of the soil, protect winter crops from the effects of low temperatures, accumulate nutrients, etc. In the cultivation of winter wheat, moisture availability is the main limiting factor. Consequently, the best predecessors for a winter crop are those after which, at the beginning of sowing, a sufficient amount of productive moisture remains or accumulates in the topsoil. Optimization of mineral nutrition is one of the most effective ways to increase the productivity and quality of winter wheat grain. Before sowing, soil diagnostics are carried out to determine the need of plants for fertilizers and, based on the data obtained, they give recommendations on the use of forms, timing and doses of fertilizing. To obtain information on the physiological state of crops and to draw up recommendations for care measures, ground types of survey work are used, which is a laborious event, and due to large arable areas, it is not always reliable. Therefore, the use of optical-biological assessment methods based on remote sensing of the Earth, which are more objectivity and efficiency, are more in demand.
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