Winter wheat is one of the most common major food crops in the world. Wheat grain value is determined by high content of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Cultivation of winter wheat is beneficial, as the resulting product has a low cost. Winter wheat is a high-yield crop (second only to rice). The average yield of the winter wheat in the Russian Federation is 30 t/ha, while in the advanced farms it reaches to 50-60 t/ha. The highest yield in the Russian Federation was obtained in the Krasnodar Territory, amounting for 103.6 kg/ha, whereas worldwide, in Canada-170 kg/ha. Protein content greatly depends on soil and climatic conditions. In wheat and other crops, protein content increases in the regions from north to south and from east to west. Aridity of air, solar radiation, high concentrations of nitrogen in the soil, and the level of agricultural technology affect the quality of the grain. The Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Plant Physiology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education (FSBI HPO) "Stavropol State Agrarian University" carried out studies in the 2010-2014 on leached chernozem of the Stavropol elevation. The conducted studies aimed at targeting of winter wheat (Zustrich cultivar) yield in the zone of moderate humidity based on the optimization of fertilizer application. The article presents the four-year data on the effect of fertilization rates on the dynamics of labile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, as well as on the yield and quality of winter wheat (Zustrich cultivar), cultivated on leached chernozem in the zone of erratic moistening of the Stavropol Territory. According to the results based on three years data, at the expected harvest of 6.0 t/ha, the reliability of the yield targeting on leached chernozem of Stavropol elevation, when applying N 126 P 80 K 72, was 99% according to the calculation method suggested by V. Ageev (Esaulko & Ustimenko, 2014).
The problems of improving the tillage systems and crop cultivation technologies are of particular relevance both in terms of energy savings and, in general, resource conservation. The article describes various tillage systems using machines and implements of domestic and foreign production for the arid zone of southern Russia. The initial position in the development of cultivation technology of crops are agroecological requirements of the crop and variety to the growing conditions. Sequential overcoming of factors that reduce crop yields and product quality allows us to form the most optimal growing technology for specific climatic conditions of the economy. The article describes the tillage systems - moldboard, resource-saving using domestic tillage equipment, resource-based on foreign technology and recommended using combined technology, which has different effects on the conservation and accumulation of productive moisture. With the moldboard tillage, these indicators are the smallest, and resource-saving systems give approximately the same results when determining the stock of productive moisture in all phases of crop development. Different tillage systems for crop rotation affect the agrophysical indicators of fertility - aggregate composition, water strength, structural coefficient to the same extent. Moldboard tillage system causes the lowest density of soil in the cultivation of crop rotation in comparison with various resource-saving systems, as for the porosity of the soil, in most cases, these indicators of large values are marked by moldboard tillage. Resource-saving tillage systems significantly complicate the phytosanitary situation in the cultivation of crop rotation in comparison with the moldboard tillage system.
The research was carried out with the aid of vegetation experiments and on saline soils in production crops of the Stavropol territory farms (Andropovsky, Mineralovodsky and Kochubeyevsky districts). The goal of the research was to identify patterns of germination and formation of sunflower seeds, depending on the influence of saline soils and the use of mineral fertilizers. It was found that sunflower seeds germinate at fairly high concentrations of soil salts. In vegetation experiments, where saline soil containing 1.14% and 1.71% of chloride- sulfate salts was used, the number of sprouted seeds was 96.0% and 89.3% of the unsalted background, respectively, 14 days after sowing. The salinization type has a various impact on seed germination. A greater reduction in their germination was observed during sulfate-chloride salinization. The predominance of sulfates in the salt composition up to 0.4% did not have a negative effect on seed germination, while the predominance of chlorides reduced their germination, starting from 0.2%. If the difference between the two types of salinization at 0.4% was only 2%, then at 1.4% it reached 18%, which indicates an increase in the toxic effects of chlorides as their concentrations increase. In the process of growing plants, soil salts affect plants directly through the root system.
The relevance of the nitrogen fertilization is difficult to overestimate. Currently, winter wheat crops impose special requirements on nitrogen nutrition, as a rule, in early spring due to the unfavorable temperature conditions and excess moisture soil nitrification is suppressed. As a result, plants starve from lack of nitrogen and reduce the yield. At the same time, the variety represented on the nitrogen fertilizers market is able to satisfy practically any soil type in various conditions of wetting, and is limited only by the energy availability of agricultural producers. One of the factors, which have an impact on the effectiveness of nitrogen use, is the form of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. The experimental plots to study the influence of methods and technology of nitrogen fertilizer application in early spring on the winter wheat productivity were located in the arid zone of the south of Russia, where 350-400 mm of precipitation falls annually, the hydrothermal coefficient is within 0.6-0.8 units, and the soil cover is represented by dark chestnut and chestnut soils. The forecrop of the research period was winter wheat; the studied varieties of winter wheat are Yesaul and Nota. The seeder John Deere was usedfor the root fertilization in the experiment, and the Amazon spreader was used for the surface application. The analysis of the obtained data allows us to draw the following conclusions; the yield of the Nota variety was higher compared to the Yesaul variety on the fertilized variants by 0.15-0.28 t•ha-1. The highest productivity indicators are formed when fertilizing with the nitrogen dose of 52 kg•ha-1 application rateregardless of the fertilizer application method. The advantage of the root fertilization method is not reliable compared with the superficial method of applying manure. Studied doses and methods of nitrogen fertilizer application had a significant impact on the protein content in the grain of winter wheat.
The article presents the results of water erosion monitoring, which was carried out in 2015 on the territory of the agricultural landscapes of the Stavropol Territory using the methods of the Earth's remote sensing and geo-information technologies. A digital elevation model was taken as a basis and watercourses were modeled in the study area. As a result of the imposition, the received model and the identified erosion processes, and their coincidence was established in individual areas, which indicates their high degree of erosion hazard, a total of 382326 hectares of such territories were identified. In these territories, the existing anti-erosion carcass is either completely destroyed or ineffective. In this regard, it is necessary to conduct an inventory of forest shelter strips to assess their effectiveness and develop measures for erosion control of the territory. Different types of degradation in varying degrees reduce the productivity of agricultural crops. Salinity and alkalinity decrease it by 55 % to the greatest extent, water erosion-19 %, deflation-13 %, waterlogging-6 %. It has been established that water erosion as a whole along the region by 2026 can lead to a loss of 700 thousand tons of grain of the main crop in the region, winter wheat. Modern technologies, such as space imagery and GIS technologies, allow for effective and efficient detection and analysis of erosion-hazards. The combination of high-resolution remote sensing and medium resolution data has shown maximum efficiency for analyzing the development of linear water erosion processes. The development of a comprehensive program of anti-erosion measures will allow to reach up to 10 % of the future harvest in the Stavropol Territory.
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