Based on the conducted research, experimental data were obtained that allowed recommending a calculation and balance method for determining fertilizer rates for constructing a fertilizer calculation system, which allowed obtaining the maximum yield of winter wheat (6.01 t•ha-1) after the forecrop peas on leached chernozem. The optimal combination of systems for fertilizing winter wheat after its forecrop peas with methods and techniques for placing mineral fertilizer in a 0-20 cm soil layer has been established.Obtaining high and stable yields with good quality of grain production of winter wheat, preservation and improvement of soil fertility, improvement of economic indicators in farms is impossible without the use of a rationally composed fertilizer system. It implies a reduction in doses of fertilizers, an increase in soil stocks of nutrients. Modern fertilizer systems should be based on biologicalization of agriculture, combined with the rational use of mineral and organic fertilizers, in relation to specific soil-climatic and economic conditions, taking into account the requirements of ecology and adaptive farming. Different methods and techniques of tillage affect its structural state, the structure of the arable layer, water-air, nutrient and thermal regimes, thereby affecting the growth conditions of plants, which affects their productivity.The main objective of the research was to determine the influence of fertilizer systems, methods and techniques of tillage on the food regime of leached chernozem and the productivity of winter wheat.The studies were carried out in an experimental crop rotation of the permanent study area located at the experimental station of the Stavropol State Agrarian University. The station is a longterm experience "Theoretical and technological bases of biogeochemical flows of substances in agrolandscapes", registered in the certificates record of long-term experiments of the GeoNetwork of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry of the Russian Federation.
The research was carried out with the aid of vegetation experiments and on saline soils in production crops of the Stavropol territory farms (Andropovsky, Mineralovodsky and Kochubeyevsky districts). The goal of the research was to identify patterns of germination and formation of sunflower seeds, depending on the influence of saline soils and the use of mineral fertilizers. It was found that sunflower seeds germinate at fairly high concentrations of soil salts. In vegetation experiments, where saline soil containing 1.14% and 1.71% of chloride- sulfate salts was used, the number of sprouted seeds was 96.0% and 89.3% of the unsalted background, respectively, 14 days after sowing. The salinization type has a various impact on seed germination. A greater reduction in their germination was observed during sulfate-chloride salinization. The predominance of sulfates in the salt composition up to 0.4% did not have a negative effect on seed germination, while the predominance of chlorides reduced their germination, starting from 0.2%. If the difference between the two types of salinization at 0.4% was only 2%, then at 1.4% it reached 18%, which indicates an increase in the toxic effects of chlorides as their concentrations increase. In the process of growing plants, soil salts affect plants directly through the root system.
The main factors determining the change of the ecological situation in the zone of salinized compact chernozems distribution are the hydrological state, waterlogging, water erosion and the use of chemical crop products. In order to prevent further progress in the degradation of these lands, a number of activities are required. The most important task is to ensure the expanded reproduction of soil fertility. Its solution suggests the systematic application of fertilizers. A great advantage on saline soils should be given to organic fertilizers in order to maintain stocks of humus. The value of humus in their composition increases even more due to the fact that it reduces the possible negative impact on plants of some components of the mineral part of the soil, improves its water-physical properties. Humus limits the leaching of nitrogen caused by uncontrolled mineralization, increases the filtering and buffering effect of the soil and groundwater. In the intensive farming system, a deficit-free humus balance can be observed by combining the use of organic and mineral fertilizers. At the same time, the use of higher doses of them leads to pollution of the soil, plants and the environment. Therefore, the use of fertilizers should be carried out taking into account the biological needs of plants and specific soil conditions. On saline soils, due to a significant reduction in plant growth parameters and the biomass formed by them, the removal of nutrients in the composition of the primary and secondary crop significantly decreases. In addition, they are characterized by relatively high osmotic potential, which may further increase due to the application of higher doses of fertilizers. Therefore, in these conditions, moderate and small doses of mineral fertilizers are effective, and they meet the needs of plants and the interests of the soil ecology.
The article reflects the results of studies on the responsiveness of coriander “Amber” variety to a combination of doses and types of mineral fertilizers. As a result of the conducted researches for 2016–2018, it was established that the maximum crop yield was obtained on options N60P60-1.60 t/ha and N60P60K60-1.53 t/ha. It should be noted that for the Stavropol territory there are no scientifically sound recommendations for the practical application of mineral fertilizer systems, introduced under the culture of coriander. During the three-year field experiments, the influence of types and combinations of doses of mineral fertilizers was studied and the seed productivity of coriander when growing on leached chernozem of the Central Caucasus was established. The method of introduction of mineral fertilizers according to the Georges-Ville scheme (control, N60, P60, K60, N60P60, N60K60, P60K60, N60P60K60) used during the field experiment allowed us to obtain information about the effectiveness of types and combinations of mineral fertilizers. It was noted that the application of nitrogen fertilizers increased the NO3 content: when applying N60 – 11.6 mg/kg; N60P60 – 7.3 mg/kg; N60K60 – 3.6 mg/kg; N60P60K60 – 6.1 mg/kg. The result of the field experiment showed that the content of the mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil increased significantly to the control, and the difference was 3.4–5.6 mg/kg of soil. The effectiveness of potassium in many cases is moderate. The maximum value of exchangeable potassium was observed on the option with the use of K60-260 mg/kg of soil, and the minimum concentration of exchangeable potassium when applying N60P60-232 mg/kg of soil.
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