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As a result of inherent rigidity of the conjugated macromolecular chains resulted from the delocalized π-electron system along the polymer backbone, it has been a huge challenge to make conducting polymer hydrogels elastic by far. Herein elastic and conductive polypyrrole hydrogels with only conducting polymer as the continuous phase have been simply synthesized in the indispensable conditions of 1) mixed solvent, 2) deficient oxidant, and 3) monthly secondary growth. The elastic mechanism and oxidative polymerization mechanism on the resulting PPy hydrogels have been discussed. The resulting hydrogels show some novel properties, e.g., shape memory elasticity, fast functionalization with various guest objects, and fast removal of organic infectants from aqueous solutions, all of which cannot be observed from traditional non-elastic conducting polymer counterparts. What's more, light-weight, elastic, and conductive organic sponges with excellent stress-sensing behavior have been successfully achieved via using the resulting polypyrrole hydrogels as precursors.

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Paper-based transparent flexible thin film supercapacitors were fabricated using CNF-[RGO]n hybrid paper as an electrode material and charge collector. Owing to the self-anti-stacking of distorted RGO nanosheets and internal electrolyte nanoscale-reservoirs, the device exhibited good electrochemical performance (about 1.73 mF cm(-2)), and a transmittance of about 56% (at 550 nm).

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A generic approach to make the uniform graphene oxide (GO) hydrogels by using glucono-d-lactone (GDL) as a hydrogel promoter has been put forward for the first time. Either in situ released multivalent metal ions (e.g. La 3+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ ) or in situ protonized polyamine (e.g. polyethylenimine, melamine, polyamidoamine) molecules have assembled GO sheets into 3D hydrogel architectures with the assistance of the hydrolysis product of GDL. The permanent network and mechanical property of the resulting GO hydrogels have been studied by rheology investigation. The chemical composition and porous morphology of the resulting GO hydrogels have been revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The microstructure of the resulting GO hydrogels has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. More interestingly, a reversible gel-sol transition initially triggered with the addition of the EDTA solution, depending on which additive (in situ released multivalent metal ions or in situ protonized polyamine molecules) is used for 3D assembly of the GO sheets, has been observed from the resulting GO hydrogels.

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