It is long-cherished to develop rapid approaches for the identification and quantification of pesticide and its metabolites. Carbofuran (CBF) and its metabolite 3-hydroxy-carbofuran (3-OH-CBF) are highly toxic to humans and non-target organisms, which makes it mandatory for the detection of their residues in foods and the environment in many countries. Herein, a colloidal goldstrip assay based on a broad-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) for simultaneous determination of CBF and 3-OH-CBF was developed. The colloidal gold-strips have a runtime within 5 min without complex sample pretreatment and perform a cut-off limit of detection (LOD) of 7-10 ng/mL for both carbofuran and 3-OH-CBF. The developed portable strip assay is a versatile and robust tool for the rapid and simultaneous detection of CBF and 3-OH-CBF in water samples as well as for the determination of illegal addition of CBF in other pesticide preparations.

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Carbofuran is a highly toxic insecticide and has been banned or restricted for pest control in many countries. Being a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, carbofuran and its metabolite 3hydroxycarbofuran (3-OH-CBF) are required for the analysis of their residues in food. However, an immunochemical method for simultaneous analysis of carbofuran and 3-OH-CBF is still not available. Herein, we report an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a broad-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) for simultaneous detection of carbofuran and 3-OH-CBF. The mAb, designated as 2E3, against both carbofuran and 3-OH-CBF was used to develop an indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) with 50% inhibition concentrations of 0.76 and 0.69 ng/mL, respectively. The developed icELISA was validated by UPLC-MS/MS and is suitable for the rapid and simultaneous detection of carbofuran and 3-OH-CBF in fruits and vegetables.

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Indoxacarb is a highly potent insecticide widely used to control Lepidoptera insects in vegetable, tea, cotton, and rice fields. It can run off into aquatic environments. It is consisted of two enantiomers. Environmental risks and aquatic toxicity of indoxacarb enantiomers have not been fully investigated. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to varying concentrations of (-)-R-indoxacarb and (+)-S-indoxacarb until 96-h post-fertilization (hpf) to assess the embryonic toxicity. (-)-R-indoxacarb was 1.3-fold more toxic than (+)-S-isomer to zebrafish embryos at 96 hpf. (-)-R-indoxacarb exhibited reduction in body length and pericardial edema compared with (+)-S-indoxacarb. (-)-R-indoxacarb decreased the hatching rate sixfold greater than (+)-S-indoxacarb. The rate of pericardial edema induced by (-)-R-indoxacarb was 2.5 times greater than that by (+)-S-indoxacarb. The heart rate of the larvae exposed to (-)-R-indoxacarb was 30% lower than that to (+)-S-indoxacarb. In addition, exposure to the chiral isomers resulted in significant increases in apoptosis; interestingly (-)-R-indoxacarb induced apoptosis in the heart area, whereas (+)-S-indoxacarb induced apoptosis in the head area. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 7-16, 2017.

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