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RÉSUMÉObjectif : Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer la qualité microbiologique des eaux de puits et de forage collectées dans la ville de Lomé. Méthodologie : Au total, 207 échantillons d'eau de puits et de 197 échantillons d'eau de forages de la ville de Lomé collectés entre juin 2012 et juillet 2013 ont été analysés en utilisant les méthodes normalisées de routine de l'Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR). Résultats et conclusion : Les résultats ont montré une non-conformité des eaux de puits par rapport aux germes de contamination fécale dans 65% des cas et dans 70% des cas par rapport à E coli. Les eaux de forages étaient contaminées à 53,54% par la flore aérobie mésophile, à 26,77% par les coliformes totaux et à 2,03% par les streptocoques fécaux. La présence des germes indicateurs de contamination fécale dans les eaux analysées expose les consommateurs au risque de gastro-entérites. Des mesures doivent être prises pour la surveillance et la désinfection de ces eaux avant leur utilisation. Mots clés : Eau, puits, forage ; qualité bactériologique, Togo.Evaluation of the bacteriological quality of wells and drillings water in Lomé, Togo ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of wells and drillings water collected in the city of Lomé. Methodology: A total of 207 well water samples and 197 samples of water from drillings in the city of Lomé collected between June 2012 and July 2013 were analyzed using standard routine methods of the French Association of Standardization (AFNOR). Results and Conclusion : The results showed non-compliance of well water related to fecal contamination germs in 65% of cases and in 70% of cases related to E. coli. The drillings waters were contaminated in cases 53.54% by mesophilic aerobic flora, in 26.77% cases by total coliforms and in 2.03% cases by fecal streptococci. The presence of indicator organisms of fecal contamination in the analyzed waters exposes consumers to the risk of gastroenteritis. Measures should be taken to monitoring and disinfection of this water before use.

Background:Jatropha multifida is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds.Objective:This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract.Materials and Methods:The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomoas aeruginosa isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity.Results:The antibacterial assay showed an in vitro growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity.Conclusion:J. multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine.SUMMARY Antibacterial on germs isolated from wound, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Jatropha multifida were assayed by NCCLS broth method, carrageenan and histamine, DPPH and FRAP respectively. The results indicated that Jatropha multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory and weak antioxidant activities that could justify its use for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine.

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In this study, assessment of the potential effect of cypermethrin-treated lettuce on the rat liver physiology is carried out. Cypermethrin-treated lettuce and three doses of cypermethrin (CY) were administered during 28 days to rats. Along the experimental period, animal behavior was assessed, and at the end of administration, some hepatic enzymes were studied. The decrease in rat body weight was noted and animals have soft feces. Results showed plasmatic concentrations of ALAT, ASAT and total bilirubin increase in rats administered with cypermethrin-treated lettuce. The plasmatic concentration of total protein is not decreased significantly. Those results indicate that lettuce collected without waiting for the recommended pre-harvest intervals, might cause hazardous effects to vegetable consumers. Further investigations are needed to quantify pesticides such as cypermethrin in vegetables sold in the local market for consumption.

Poisoning following salads consumption was often reported in Lomé. This study was carried out to evaluate contamination of salads sold in Lomé. Sixty salad samples from modern restaurant (Domino), seventy from street sellers and forty of fresh vegetables from two markets were randomly collected. Microbiological quality of samples was examined on the basis of AFNOR methods and criteria. Salad selling occurs in room temperature. That modern restaurant uses cold to preserve foods. Microbial analyzes revealed that, Total viable count (TVC) load ranged from 2.15x10 4-9.2x10 10 and 1.8x10 3-2.7x10 7 with 10% and 86.66% of satisfactory quality samples respectively for Domino and Street salads. Total and thermo-tolerant coliforms load ranged from 60-3.4x10 6 and 0-6.2x10 3 respectively for street salads with 14.28% and 57.15% of satisfactory samples. Domino samples located between 0-7x10 3 and 0-2.5x10 3 with 96.66% and 81.33% of conformity respectively. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated (0-2.5x10 3 and 0-10 3) respectively with 77.14% and 84.28% of satisfactory samples for street salads. These bacteria did not induce any conform samples. Salmonella spp were not found in salads and raw vegetable. Application of good hygiene practices rules would help to reduce disease risk related to the presence of pathogenic germs like E. coli and S. aureus.

Plants are a major source of active ingredients and are for that fact used to treat many diseases such as fungal infections. The objective of this study was to identify the plants used in traditional medicine to treat fungal diseases in the prefecture of Sotouboua. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among healers, elderly and knowledgeable villagers. A semi structured questionnaire and pictures showing common and easily recognizable fungal infection symptoms were used to support a live interview. During this study, 37 plant species belonging to 20 families have been identified. Fabaceae were the most represented family (7 species). The most used parts were leaves (43, 24%) followed by the roots (18, 91%). The decoction is the preferred method of preparation while the oral route is the main route of administration.

Vegetable contamination by pesticides presents current problem of public health. Previous studies have shown that 60% vegetables sampled collected in Lomé (Togo) have pesticide residues exceeding the tolerable limits. Because mancozeb, ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate, is mainly used, more than five times, during the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), the aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the potential effect of mancozeb-treated lettuce on the rat liver physiology. Mancozeb-treated lettuce and two doses of mancozeb were administered during 28 days to rats. Along the study, animal behavior was assessed, and at the end of administration, some hepatic enzymes such as transaminases and alkaline phosphatase were studied. The decrease in rat body weight was noted and animals have soft feces. Plasmatic concentrations of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin are increased in rats administered with mancozeb-treated lettuce. The plasmatic concentration of total protein is not decreased significantly. Those results indicate that lettuce collected directly from gardens, without washing or less washed, are not fit for human consumption.